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Database Notes

The document provides an overview of databases, including types such as flat file and relational databases, along with their components like tables, forms, reports, and queries. It explains key concepts such as data types, primary and foreign keys, and types of relationships within a database. Additionally, it outlines validation rules and includes examples of SQL queries for data retrieval.

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24 views11 pages

Database Notes

The document provides an overview of databases, including types such as flat file and relational databases, along with their components like tables, forms, reports, and queries. It explains key concepts such as data types, primary and foreign keys, and types of relationships within a database. Additionally, it outlines validation rules and includes examples of SQL queries for data retrieval.

Uploaded by

jubainsolution
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA BASE – is a well-organized compilation of data that enables

individuals to retrieve information according to their specific


requirements.
The data contained within a database can encompass various forms
such as text, numerical values, images, or any other type of digital
content that can be stored on a computer system.
Type of database
1. Flat file database (Non Relational database)-data are stored in a
single large table known as flat file. Eg Ms Excel
2. Relational database – data are stored in more than one table where
the table can be linked /relate one another.
Where Relational database can be created?
Relational database can be created on DBMS( Database Management
System)- is the software for creating a relational database.
Eg.Ms Access, Oracle, MySql, SQL Server etc.
What makes a database/ database components/ database objects/
database elements.
1. Table – where data are stored
2. Forms – is used to capture information from the user to the database.
( Used to enter data in the database)
3. Reports – it is used to present information to user from the database.
4. Query – is the request for a specific information from the database.
Eg SQL (Structured Query Language)
Table structure
Table is made up of Rows and Columns
i. Field – is a collection of related characters. It is represented by
column in table. Eg Name, Address, Age, mobile…
ii. Record – is the collection of related field. It is represented by row in a
table.

Fields First Name Sirname Age Address


Juma Bakari 14 Kinondoni
Ephron Malawa 2 Makongo
Records
Evan Malawa 4 Mlimani City

Qn 1: How many field are there I the table above? List them
Qn 2: How many records are there I the table above? List them
• Data types: Classifies how the data is stored, displayed and the operations
that can be performed on the stored values.
• Examples of data types
i. Text/Short text/ Character – stores/ accept text related values.
Note: Text/Short text can accept numbers, letters and special symbols e.g.
Block 2, Makongo Juu.
ii. Number – Stores/ accept number values only.
:types of numbers data types
- Integer stores whole number
- Double stores decimal numbers
iii. Date/Time – stores/accept date and time related values.
iv. Boolean – Stores zero(0) or one(1)
H/w
Write at least five differences between relational database and flat file
database
Key Term Definition
• Attribute – an individual fact, detail or characteristic of an entity (also
commonly called a field).
• Entity – a thing, person, object or relationship about which data can be
collected.
• Primary key (PK) – a unique key/ piece of information within a table to
identify a record.
• Features/ Characteristics of PK
i. PK must be unique
ii. PK must not contain a null value ( PK should not be empty)
• Foreign key (FK) – a field in the table which contains the value of a primary
key in another table (since the primary key is unique this means that the
foreign key identifies, or links to, just one record.
• Redundancy – the duplication of data within a database.
Types of Relationship in database:
1. One to one relationship 1:1
2. One to many relationship
3. Many to many relationship

1:M
1: ∞

M:M
∞:∞
• How to write field names in a table
eg : 1. Student_ID
2. StudentID
eg : First_name
FirstName
NO SPACE WHEN NAMING THE FIELDS.
Types of validation rule
1. Length check – this is used to check how many characters are required
in the field.
2. Format check – Used to check how the filed will be presented/written.
E.g Date format – 27/7/2024
3. Presence check – Used to check if the value has been entered in the
field.
4. Type check – used to check type of value entered e.g number, text
SQL examples
1. SELECT *FROM Student; This will select all the records from the
student table. The use of “ *” means all in SQL.

2. SELECT First_name, Last_name, Gender FROM Student; This will


retrieve only the records of the mentioned fields from the table.

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