Wireless Communication and

Mobile Computing
 CHAPTER T W O
MOBILE
COMPUTING
• Mobile Computing
• Mobile
Communication
• Mobile Hardware
• Mobile Software
• Mobile
communication
Evolution
• Advantages of Mobile
 Mobile
Computing
 Mobile Computing is the combination of two
words
 Mobile means movable and computing means
processing, transforming and storing of
something.
 Mobile Computing is defined as advance
technology that uses computing device(like
tablet, mobile phone, iPad, laptop) it allows
transmission(sending and receiving) of
3

data (text, message, voice, audio, video ) with

 Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing is a technology that allows
transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device
without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link.
 The main concept involves:
 Mobile communication
 Mobile hardware
 Mobile software
Mobile
TION
 The mobile communication refers to the infrastructure
Comm
put in Muplace
OniBca
to IL tiE
ensure that seamless and reliable
oncommunication goes on.
 These would include devices such as Protocols,
Services, Bandwidth, and Portals necessary to
facilitate and support of the stated services.
 The data format is also defined at this stage. This
ensures that there is no collision with other existing
systems which offer the same service.
 Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the
overlaying infrastructure is more of radio wave
oriented. That is, the signals are carried over the air
to intended devices that are capable of receiving and
sending similar kinds of signals.
 Mobile Hardware
 Mobile hardMwOarBe ILinEcludes or
mobiledeTvIicOeNs components device
mobility.
that They orwouldaccess
receive Portablservice
laptop
range
the from Smartphones, e s,of
Tablet Pc's, Persona Digit
 Assistants(PDAs).
These devices will have receptorl al
medium
that are capable of sensing and receiving signals.
These devices are configured to operate in full-
duplex, whereby they are capable of sending and
receiving signals at the same time. They don't
have to wait until one device has finished
communicating for the other device to
initiate communications.
 Above mentioned devices use an existing and
established network to operate on. In most
 Mobile Software
 Mobile software is the actual program that run
on the mobile hardware.
 It deals with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications.
 This is the engine of that mobile device. In other
terms, it is the operating system of that
appliance. It's the essential component that
makes the mobile device operate.
 Since portability is the main factor, this
type of computing ensures that users are not
tied or pinned to a single physical location, but
are able to operate from anywhere.
 It will incorporate all aspects of
wireless communications.
 In today's computing world, different
technologies have come up.
 These have grown to support existing
computer networks all over the world. With
mobile computing, we find that the need to be
confined within one physical location has been
eradicated. We hear of terms such as
telecommuting.
 This is being able to work from home or the field
but at the same time accessing resources as if
one is in the office.
 The emergence of portable computers and laptops,
personal digital Assistants (PDA), PC Tablets and
Smartphones, has in turn made mobile computing very
convenient.
 The portability of the devices ensures and enables user
to access all services as if they were in the internal
network of their company.
 For example, the use of Tablet Pc and IPads. This new
technology
enables users to update documents, surf the internet,
send and receive e-mail, stream live video files, take
photographs and also support video and voice
 The constant and ever increasing demand for superior
and robust
smart devices has been as a catalyst for market share.
 Each manufacturer is trying to curve a niche of
themselves in the market.
 These devices are invented and innovated to provide
top of the class applications and services.
 With cellular phones, different manufacturers have come
up with unique Smartphones that are
capable of performing the
same
tasks as computers and at the same processing speed.
 The market share for different competitors is
 The need for better, portable, affordable, and robust has
also made these vendors to constantly be innovative.
 Market figure and statistics show an ever rapidly growing
need to purchase and use such devices for either
professional or home use. Since technology is driven by
market needs, it's in this light that services suited for a
long term implementation are developed or innovated.
 This has also pushed other industry vendors to adopt
services that will provide better service delivery. For
example, cellular service providers are forced to
improve and be innovative to capture more
subscribers.
 This can be in terms of superior services such as
high speed internet and data access, voice and video
service etc. hence the adoption of different generations
of networks like of 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G networks services.
Mobile computing is not limited to Mobile Phones
only, but
also there are various gadgets available in the
market helping mobile computing. They are usually
classified in the following categories:
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 The main purpose of this device was to act as an
electronic organizer or day planner that is portable, easy
to use and capable of sharing information with computer
systems.
 PDA was an extension of the PC, not a replacement.
These systems were capable of sharing information
with a computer system through a process or service
known as synchronization. Where both devices will
access each other to check for changes or updates in
the individual devices. The use of infrared and Bluetooth
connections enabled these devices to always be
synchronized.
 With PDA devices, a user could; browsers the internet,
Smartphon
es
 This kind of phone combines the features of a PDA with
that of a mobile phone or camera phone. It has a
superior edge over other kinds of mobile phones.
 Smartphone have the capability to run multiple
programs concurrently.
 These phones include high-resolution touch enabled
screens, web browsers that can access and properly
display standard web pages
rather than just mobile-optimized sites, and high-speed
data access via Wi-Fi and high speed cellular broadband.
 The most common mobile operating
systems (OS) used by modern
Smartphones include Google's Android,
Apple's iOS, Nokia's Symbian, RIM's
BlackBerry OS, Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's
Windows Phone, and embedded Linux
distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo.
 Such operating systems can be installed
on many different phone models, and typically
each device can receive multiple OS
As general the operating system of smartphone,
tablet and
other mobile device are:
 Android: is Linux based operating system by google
is the
most popular os currently. Almost 85% of mobile
device use it.
 Windows phone 7: it is the latest os developed by
Microsoft
 Appl iOS: is os developed by apple for its own
mobile device like IPhone, Ipad
 Blackberry: this os is used by all blackberry mobile
device like smartphone and playbooks.
 Tablet P C and I-
Pads
This mobile device is larger than a mobile
phone or a personal Digital Assistant(PDA) and
integrates into a touch screen and operated
using touch sensitive motions on the screen.
They are often controlled by a pen or touch of
a finger. They are usually in slate form and are
light in weight. Examples would include; IPads,
Galaxy Tabs, Blackberry Playbooks etc.
 They offer the same functionality as portable
computers. They support mobile computing to a
far superior way and have enormous
processing horse power. User can edit and
modify document files, access high speed
internet, stream video and audio data, receive and
2.1 Mobile Communication Evolution
1G: AMPS ( Advanced Mobile Phone
System)
o1st Generation (1G) mobile cellular phone
oAnalog standard –send information as a
contineous varying wave form
ouse FDMA-channels divided based on the
FDMA
oInsecure
oHighly variable call quality
oDeveloped by Bell labs
oIntroduced in North America in oct 1983
2G:GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
• Is digital system-convert analog into
digital code
• Developed in Europe in 1983 but,
Introduced in Germany-Finland in
1991 at the first time
• 1st digital mobile cellular system in
the world
• Use FDMA and TDMA technology
in order to support multiple parallel
communication.
• 2G technologies offer 3 times
 GSM Services:

Voice calls
Data transfer upto 9.6kbps
SMS (short message service)
SIM card technology
 2.5 G:
• 2G digital standards were designed
before the widespread use of the
Internet.
• 2G technologies use circuit-switched data
modems that limit data users to a single
circuit-switched voice channel.
• 2.5G – is the new data-centric standards
that can be overlaid upon existing 2G
standards for compatibility with
increased throughput data rates that are
required to support modern Internet
 Cont…
2.5G standards have been developed
to allow each of the major 2G
technologies (GSM, CDMA) to be
upgraded incrementally for faster
Internet data rates.
2.5G includes:
o HSCSD – high speed circuit switched
data
o GPRS – general packet radio service
o EDGE – enhanced data rate for GSM
evolution
 3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile
Communications System)
Evolution of GSM
Very high speed and advanced
features
Now near future (slower development
than expected)
Data transfer up to 2Mbps, realisticaly
300-800kbps only
4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Recent deployment technology
Launched in North America on Sept
2010 with Samsung SCH-R900
Deployed on both GSM and CDMA
mobile operators
Peak Data rate:
 Downlink: 300Mbps
 Uplink:75Mbps
Fully IP code –fully based on data
oriented( digital) network
Not fully acknowledged as 4G.
 5G

Research 2020
Not standards yet
South Korea (13,18 and 27 GHz)
Achieve 10 times speed of 4G-1000Mbps
Higher flexibility, scalability, reliability
Target:
o Traffic, massive IoT network, cloud based service,
High speed internet, high quality multimedia …etc are
target of 5G
 Cont…
High performance than LTE for those
services
o Faster x20 times than LTE
o High data rate
o Low latency higher devices density(1
million) to be supported
 Advantages of Mobile Computing
Mobile computing has changed the complete landscape
of human being life. Following are the clear advantages of
Mobile Computing:
 Location Flexibility
This has enabled user to work from anywhere as long as
there is a connection established. A user can work
without being in a fixed position. Their mobility ensures
that they are able to carry out numerous tasks at the
same time perform their stated jobs.
 Saves Time
The time consumed or wasted by travelling from different
locations or to the office and back, have been slashed. One
can now access all the important documents and files
over a secure channel and work as if they were on their
computer. It has enhanced telecommuting in many
companies. This also reduces unnecessary expenses that
 Enhanced Productivity
Productive nature has been boosted by the fact that a
worker can simply work efficiently and effectively from
which ever location they see comfortable and suitable.
Users are able to work with comfortable
environments.
 Entertainment
 With the and availability of high
connections
improvement at considerable
speed costs, data
one
entertainment is able
they want asto get
they browserthe internet
for streamed data.
 Video andaudio recordings can now
be streamed on the go using mobile
computing.
 Easy to access a wide variety of
 Watch
movies, educational
movies, and and
documentaries
informative material.
news, among
entertainment offers overother
the
internet.
 Ease of research
Field officer and researchers collect and feed data to the
system.
 Streamlining of Business Processes
• Sharing of information between business partners.
• Reduced lengthy travelling, since there
is the use of voice and
video conferencing, E-Commerce.
• Meetings, seminars and other
informative services can be conducted using the
video and voice conferencing.
• This cuts down on travel time and expenditure.
 Application Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing is used in various
sectors like
 Vehicle
 For emergency
 In business
 In entertainments
 In mobile payment
 marketing
 Characteristics of Mobile Computing
 Ubiquitous(anywhere any time)
 Location awareness(GPS)
 Adaption:- the ability of adjust the bandwidth
fluctuation without in convenience the user.
 Broadcast- efficiently deliver to housed of user
 Personalization: service in mobile environment
can be easily personalize according to the
user profile
 Drawback of Mobile
 Computing
Disconnection- network fail(as its wireless
connection)
 Bandwidth variation: high variation of bandwidth
exist
 Heterogeneous network- different device,
interface and protocols
 Security risk- high (if not encrypted)
 Low bandwidth
 Resource poor mobile element- limited
resource(battery, hardware
25
etc)
Thank
You