Introduction to Programming in C++

Eighth Edition

Chapter 12: Two-Dimensional Arrays

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duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
 Objectives

• Declare and initialize a two-dimensional array

• Enter data into a two-dimensional array
• Display the contents of a two-dimensional array
• Sum the values in a two-dimensional array
• Search a two-dimensional array
• Pass a two-dimensional array to a function

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whole or in part.
 Using Two-Dimensional Arrays

• Recall that an array is a group of related variables that

have the same data type
• You can visualize a one-dimensional array as a column
of variables in memory
• You can visualize a two-dimensional array as a table in
that the variables are in rows and columns
• You can determine the number of variables in a two-
dimensional array by multiplying the number of rows by
the number of columns

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 3
whole or in part.
 Using Two-Dimensional Arrays
(cont’d.)
• Each variable in a two-dimensional array is identified by
a unique combination of two subscripts specifying the
variable’s row and column position
• Variables located in the first, second, etc. row of a two-
dimensional array are assigned a row subscript of 0, 1,
etc.
• Similarly, variables located in the first, second, etc.
column of a two-dimensional array are assigned a
column subscript of 0, 1, etc.

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 4
whole or in part.
 Using Two-Dimensional Arrays
(cont’d.)
• You refer to each variable in a two-dimensional array by
the array’s name immediately followed by the variable’s
row and column subscripts (in that order), each
enclosed in its own set of square brackets
• As with one-dimensional arrays, the last row and
column subscripts of a two-dimensional array will
always be one less than the number of rows and
columns (respectively) in the array, since the subscripts
begin at 0

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 5
whole or in part.
 Using Two-Dimensional Arrays
(cont’d.)

Figure 12-1 Examples of items that use the two-dimensional array concept
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whole or in part.
 Declaring and Initializing a Two-
Dimensional Array
• You must declare a two-dimensional array before you
use it
– As with one-dimensional arrays, it is good practice to
initialize the array variables
• Syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array:
dataType arrayName [numberOfRows] [numberOfColumns] =
{{initialValues}, {initialValues }, …{initialValues }};
• dataType specifies the data type of elements in the array
(all elements must have same data type)
• numberOfRows and numberOfColumns specify number of
rows and columns in array, respectively

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whole or in part.
 Declaring and Initializing a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)
• You initialize elements in a two-dimensional array by
entering a separate initialValues section, enclosed in
braces, for each row of the array
• Maximum number of initialValues sections you may
enter is the number of rows in the array
• Within individual initialValues sections, you enter one
or more values separated by commas
• Maximum number of values you may enter in a row is
the number of columns

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whole or in part.
 Declaring and Initializing a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-2 How to declare and initialize a two-dimensional array

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whole or in part.
 Declaring and Initializing a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-2 How to declare and initialize a two-dimensional array

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whole or in part.
 Entering Data into a Two-
Dimensional Array
• You can use either an assignment statement or the
extraction operator to enter data into the elements of a
two-dimensional array
• Syntax for assignment statement:
arrayName [rowSubscript] [columnSubscript ] =
expression;
– expression can include any combination of constants,
variables, and operators
• Must match data type of array

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whole or in part.
 Entering Data into a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-3 How to use an assignment statement

to assign data to a two-dimensional array
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whole or in part.
 Entering Data into a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)
• Syntax for extraction operator:
cin >> arrayName [rowSubscript][columnSubscript ];

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whole or in part.
 Entering Data into a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-4 How to use the extraction operator to

store data in a two-dimensional array
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whole or in part.
 Displaying the Contents of a Two-
Dimensional Array
• To display the contents of a two-dimensional array, you
must access its individual elements
• You can use two counter-controlled loops
– One to keep track of the row subscript
– One to keep track of the column subscript

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whole or in part.
 Displaying the Contents of a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-5 How to display the contents of a two-dimensional array

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whole or in part.
 Displaying the Contents of a Two-
Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-5 How to display the contents of a two-dimensional array

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whole or in part.
 The Chapton Company Program

• Program that uses a two-dimensional array to store the

number of orders received from each of the Chapton
Company’s four sales regions during the first three
months of the year
• Each row in the array represents a region, and each
column represents a month
• Program allows the user to enter the order amounts
and then displays the amounts on the computer screen

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 18
whole or in part.
 The Chapton Company Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 12-6 Chapton Company program specification and beginning of program

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whole or in part.
 The Chapton Company Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 12-6 Remainder of Chapton Company Program and sample run

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 20
whole or in part.
 Accumulating the Values Stored in
a Two-Dimensional Array
• Program for the Jenko Booksellers company uses a two-
dimensional array to store the sales made in each of the
company’s three bookstores.
• Array contains three rows and two columns.
– First column contains sales amount for paperback books
sold in each of three stores
– Second column contains sales amounts for hardcover
books in the three stores
• Program calculates total sales by accumulating amounts
stored in array and displays total sales.

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 21
whole or in part.
 Accumulating the Values Stored in
a Two-Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-7 Problem specification for the Jenko Booksellers Program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 22
whole or in part.
 Accumulating the Values Stored in
a Two-Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-7 IPO chart information and C++ instructions for the
Jenko Booksellers Program
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 23
whole or in part.
 Accumulating the Values Stored in
a Two-Dimensional Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-8 The Jenko Booksellers Program and sample run

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whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array
• Program for the Wilson Company uses a four-row, two-
column array to store the company’s four pay codes and
their corresponding pay rates
– Pay codes are stored in first column of each row
– Pay rate associated with each code is stored in the same
row as its pay code, in the second column
• Program gets a pay code from user and searches for pay
code in the array’s first column
• If pay code is found, corresponding pay rate is displayed;
otherwise, “Invalid pay code” is displayed

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 25
whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-9 Problem specification, IPO chart information, and

C++ instructions for the Wilson Company program
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 26
whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-9 Problem specification, IPO chart information, and

C++ instructions for the Wilson Company program
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 27
whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-9 Problem specification, IPO chart information, and

C++ instructions for the Wilson Company program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 28
whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-9 Problem specification, IPO chart information,

and C++ instructions for the Wilson Company program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 29
whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-10 Beginning of Wilson Company program

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whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-10 Remainder of Wilson Company program and sample run

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whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-11 Desk-check table after the statements

on lines 11 through 21 are processed
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whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-12 Desk-check table after the

nested loop is processed the first time
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whole or in part.
 Searching a Two-Dimensional
Array (cont’d.)

Figure 12-13 Desk-check table after the nested

loop ends and the pay code is not located
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whole or in part.
 Passing a Two-Dimensional Array
to a Function
• Like one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays are
passed automatically by reference
• When passing a two-dimensional array to a function,
function header and prototype should contain formal
parameter consisting of name of array followed by two
sets of square brackets containing the number of rows
and columns, respectively
• Number of rows is not required (first set of brackets
may be left empty)

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 35
whole or in part.
 Passing a Two-Dimensional Array
to a Function (cont’d.)

Figure 12-14 Modified Chapton Company Program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 36
whole or in part.
 Summary

• A two-dimensional array resembles a table in that

elements are in rows and columns
• Each element has the same data type
• You can determine the number of elements in a two-
dimensional array by multiplying the number of rows by
the number of columns
• Each element in a two-dimensional array is identified by
a unique combination of two subscripts representing the
element’s row and column, respectively

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 37
whole or in part.
 Summary (cont’d.)

• You refer to each element in a two-dimensional array by

the array’s name immediately followed by the element’s
subscripts in two sets of square brackets
• First row and column subscripts in a two-dimensional
array are 0
• Last row and column subscripts are always one number
less than the number of rows and columns, respectively
• You must declare a two-dimensional array before you
can use it

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 38
whole or in part.
 Summary (cont’d.)

• When declaring a two-dimensional array, you must

provide the number of rows as well as the number of
columns
• You can use an assignment statement or the extraction
operator to enter data into an array
• You need to use two loops to access every element in a
two-dimensional array
• One of the loops keeps track of the row subscript, and
the other keeps track of the column subscript

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 39
whole or in part.
 Summary (cont’d.)

• To pass a two-dimensional array to a function, you

include the array’s name in the statement that calls the
function
• Array’s corresponding formal parameter in the function
header must specify the formal parameter’s data type
and name, followed by two sets of square brackets
• First bracket contains the number of rows, and the
second bracket contains the number of columns

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 40
whole or in part.
 Lab 12-1: Stop and Analyze

• Study the program in Figure 12-15 and then answer the

questions
• The company array contains the amounts the company
sold both domestically and internationally during the
months January through June
– The first row contains the domestic sales for the three
months
– The second row contains the international sales during
the same period

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whole or in part.
 Lab 12-1: Stop and Analyze
(cont’d.)

Figure 12-15 Code for Lab 12-1

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whole or in part.
 Lab 12-2: Plan and Create

• Plan and create a program for Falcon Incorporated

• Program should display a shipping charge based on
number of items ordered (entered by user)

Figure 12-16 Problem specification for Lab 12-2

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whole or in part.
 Lab 12-3: Modify

• Modify the program in Lab12-2.cpp by replacing the

maximum amounts in the shipCharges array with
the minimum amounts. Save the modified program as
Lab12-3.cpp
• Save, run, and test the program.

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whole or in part.
 Lab 12-4: What’s Missing?

• The program is this lab should display the average stock

price.
• Follow the instructions for starting C++ and opening the
Lab12-4.cpp file. Put the C++ instructions in the proper
order, and then determine the one or more missing
instructions.
• Test the program appropriately.

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whole or in part.
 Lab 12-5: Desk-Check

• Desk-check the Jenko Booksellers program in Figure 12-

8 in the chapter.

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whole or in part.
 Lab 12-6: Debug

• Open the program in the Lab12-6.cpp file.

• Debug the program.

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whole or in part.