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Chapter 9 Value Returning Functions

Chapter 9 of 'Introduction to Programming in C++' focuses on value-returning functions, detailing their purpose, usage, and examples such as the pow and sqrt functions. It explains how to create, call, and utilize these functions in programs, including random number generation with rand, srand, and time functions. The chapter also covers the structure of program-defined functions and the importance of passing arguments correctly.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views

Chapter 9 Value Returning Functions

Chapter 9 of 'Introduction to Programming in C++' focuses on value-returning functions, detailing their purpose, usage, and examples such as the pow and sqrt functions. It explains how to create, call, and utilize these functions in programs, including random number generation with rand, srand, and time functions. The chapter also covers the structure of program-defined functions and the importance of passing arguments correctly.

Uploaded by

aianacana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Programming in C++

Eighth Edition

Chapter 9: Value-Returning Functions

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole
or in part.
Objectives

• Raise a number to a power using the pow function


• Return the square root of a number using the sqrt
function
• Generate random numbers
• Create and invoke a function that returns a value
• Pass information by value to a function
• Write a function prototype
• Understand a variable’s scope and lifetime

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 2
or in part.
Functions

• A function is a block of code that performs a task


• Every C++ program contains at least one function (main)
– Most contain many functions
• Some functions are built-in functions (part of C++):
defined in language libraries
• Others, called program-defined functions, are written
by programmers; defined in a program
• Functions allow for blocks of code to be used many
times in a program without having to duplicate code

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 3
or in part.
Functions (cont’d.)

• Functions also allow large, complex programs to be


broken down into small, manageable sub-tasks
• Each sub-task is solved by a function, and thus different
people can write different functions
• Many functions can then be combined into a single
program
• Typically, main is used to call other functions, but any
function can call any other function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 4
or in part.
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-1 Illustrations of value-returning and void functions

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 5
or in part.
Value-Returning Functions

• All functions are either value-returning or void


• All value-returning functions perform a task and then
return precisely one value
• In most cases, the value is returned to the statement
that called the function
• Typically, a statement that calls a function assigns the
return value to a variable
– However, a return value could also be used in a
comparison or calculation or could be printed to the
screen

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 6
or in part.
The pow Function

• The pow function is a convenient tool to raise a number


to a power (exponentiation)
• The pow function raises a number to a power and returns
the result as a double number
• Syntax is pow(x, y), in which x is the base and y is the
exponent
• At least one of the two arguments must be a double
• Program must contain the #include <cmath>
directive to use the pow function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 7
or in part.
The pow Function (cont’d.)

Figure 9-2 How to use the pow function


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 8
or in part.
The sqrt Function

• sqrt function is a built-in value-returning function that


returns a number’s square root as a double
• Definition contained in cmath library
– Program must contain #include <cmath> to use it
• Syntax: sqrt(x), in which x is a double or float
– Here, x is an actual argument, which is an item of
information a function needs to perform its task
• Actual arguments are passed to a function when called

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 9
or in part.
The sqrt Function (cont’d.)

Figure 9-3 How to use the sqrt function


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 10
or in part.
The Hypotenuse Program

• Program that calculates and displays the length of a


right triangle hypotenuse
• Program uses Pythagorean theorem
– Requires squaring and taking square root
• pow function can be used to square
• sqrt function can be used to take square root
• Both are built-in value-returning functions

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 11
or in part.
The Hypotenuse Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-4 Pythagorean theorem

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 12
or in part.
The Hypotenuse Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-5 Problem specification, IPO chart information, and C++


instructions for the Hypotenuse Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 13
or in part.
The Hypotenuse Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-6 Beginning of Hypotenuse program


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 14
or in part.
The Hypotenuse Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-6 Completion of Hypotenuse Program and sample run


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 15
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions
• C++ provides a pseudo-random number generator
– Produces a sequence of numbers that meet certain
statistical requirements for randomness
– Numbers chosen uniformly from finite set of numbers
– Not truly random but sufficient for practical purposes
• Random number generator in C++: rand function
– Returns an integer between 0 and RAND_MAX, inclusive
– RAND_MAX is a built-in constant (>= 32767)

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 16
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)
• rand function’s syntax: rand()
– Doesn’t require any actual arguments, but parentheses are
still required
• Expression:
lowerBound + rand() % (upperBound – lowerBound + 1)
– Allows ranges other than 0 to RAND_MAX to be used
– Range is upperBound to lowerBound
• Initialize random number generator each time
– Otherwise, will produce the same sequence

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 17
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-7 How to use the rand function


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 18
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-8 How to generate random integers within a specific range

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 19
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-8 How to generate random integers within a specific range


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 20
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)
• Use srand function (a void function) to initialize
random number generator
• Syntax: srand(seed), in which seed is an integer
actual argument that represents the starting point of
the generator
– Commonly initialized using the time function
• Ensures unique sequence of numbers for each program run

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 21
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)
• time function is a value-returning function that
returns current time in number of seconds since
January 1, 1970
– Returns a time_t object, so must be cast to an integer
before passing to srand
– Program must contain #include <ctime> directive
to use it

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 22
or in part.
The rand, srand, and time
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-9 How to use the srand function


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 23
or in part.
The Guessing Game Program

• Program generates a random number from 1 to 10 and


then allows the user as many choices as needed to
guess the number.
• The srand, time, and rand functions are all utilized
in the program.

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 24
or in part.
The Guessing Game
Program(cont’d.)

Figure 9-10 Problem specification, IPO chart information, and C++


instructions for the Guessing Game Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 25
or in part.
The Guessing Game
Program(cont’d.)

Figure 9-11 Guessing Game Program and sample run


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 26
or in part.
Creating Program-Defined Value-
Returning Functions
• A program-defined value-returning function definition is
composed of a header and a body
• Header (first line) contains return data type, name of
function, and an optional parameterList
– Rules for function names are same as for variables
– Good idea to use meaningful names that describe
function’s purpose
– Memory locations in parameterList are called formal
parameters
• Each stores an item of information passed to the function
when it is called

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 27
or in part.
Creating Program-Defined Value-
Returning Functions (cont’d.)
• Function body contains instructions for performing the
function’s assigned task
• Surrounded by braces ({})
• Last statement is usually the return statement
– Returns one value (must match return data type in
function header)
• After return statement is processed, program
execution continues in calling function
• Good idea to include comment (such as //end of
functionName) to mark end of function

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 28
or in part.
Creating Program-Defined Value-
Returning Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-12 How to create a program-defined value-returning function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 29
or in part.
Creating Program-Defined Value-
Returning Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 9-12 How to create a program-defined value-returning function


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 30
or in part.
Calling a Function

• A function must be called (invoked) to perform its task


• main is automatically called when program is run
• Other functions must be called by a statement
• Syntax for calling a function:
functionName([argumentList]);
– argumentList is list of actual arguments (if any)
– An actual argument can be a variable, named constant,
literal constant, or keyword

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 31
or in part.
Calling a Function (cont’d.)

• Value-returning functions are typically called from


statements that:
– Assign the return value to a variable
– Use the return value in a calculation or comparison
– Display the return value
• A call to a void function is an independent statement
because void functions do not return values

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 32
or in part.
Calling a Function (cont’d.)

• C++ allows you to pass either a variable’s value or its


address to a function
• Passing a variable’s value is referred to as passing by value
• Passing a variable’s address is referred to as passing by
reference
• Default is passing by value
• Number, data type, and ordering of actual arguments must
match the formal parameters in function header
– Names do not need to match (different names are better)

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 33
or in part.
Calling a Function (cont’d.)

Figure 9-13 How to call (invoke) a value-returning function


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 34
or in part.
Calling a Function (cont’d.)

Figure 9-14 Function call and function definition

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 35
or in part.
The Savings Account Program

• The program allows the user to enter the initial deposit


made into a savings account and the annual interest rate.
• The program displays the amount of money in the
account at the end of 1 through 3 years, assuming no
additional deposits or withdrawals are made.

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 36
or in part.
The Savings Account Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-15 Problem specification, IPO chart information,


and C++ instructions for the Savings Account Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 37
or in part.
The Savings Account Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-15 Problem specification, IPO chart information,


and C++ instructions for the Savings Account Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 38
or in part.
The Savings Account Program
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-16 Flowcharts for the Savings Account Program


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 39
or in part.
Function Prototypes

• When a function definition appears below the main


function, you must enter a function prototype above the
main function
• A function prototype is a statement that specifies the
function’s name, data type of its return value, and data
type of each of its formal parameters (if any)
– Names for the formal parameters are not required
• Programmers usually place function prototypes at
beginning of program, after the #include directives

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 40
or in part.
Function Prototypes (cont’d.)

Figure 9-17 How to write a function prototype

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 41
or in part.
Completing the Savings Account
Program

Figure 9-18 Savings Account Program


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 42
or in part.
The Scope and Lifetime of a
Variable
• A variable’s scope indicates where in the program the
variable can be used
• A variable’s lifetime indicates how long the variable
remains in the computer’s internal memory
• Both scope and lifetime are determined by where you
declare the variable in the program
• Variables declared within a function and those that
appear in a function’s parameterList have a local scope
and are referred to as local variables

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 43
or in part.
The Scope and Lifetime of a
Variable (cont’d.)
• Local variables can be used only by the function in which
they are declared or in whose parameterList they appear
– Remain in internal memory until the function ends
• Global variables are declared outside of any function in
the program
– Remain in memory until the program ends
• Any statement can use a global variable

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 44
or in part.
The Scope and Lifetime of a
Variable (cont’d.)
• Declaring a variable as global can allow unintentional
errors to occur
– e.g., a function that should not have access to the variable
inadvertently changes the variable’s contents
• You should avoid using global variables unless necessary
• If more than one function needs to access the same
variable, it is better to create a local variable in one
function and pass it to other functions that need it

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 45
or in part.
Summary

• Functions
– Allow programmers to avoid duplicating code
– Allow for large, complex programs to be broken into
small, manageable tasks
• Some functions are built into the language, and others
are program-defined
• All functions are either value-returning or void
• A value-returning function returns one value
– Value returned to statement that called the function
• A void function returns no value

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 46
or in part.
Summary (cont’d.)

• Use the sqrt function to find the square root of a


number
• Use the pow function to raise a number to a power
• Items in parentheses in a function call are called actual
arguments
• The rand function is used to generate random
numbers
– Returns an integer between 0 and RAND_MAX
• srand function is used to initialize rand function
– time function usually used as seed (starting point)

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 47
or in part.
Summary (cont’d.)

• Function definition composed of header and body


• Header specifies function name, return data type, and
formal parameter names and types (if any)
– Data types and ordering of formal parameters must
match data types and ordering of actual arguments
• Body contains instructions for performing the function’s
assigned task
– Surrounded by braces ({})
• return statement returns the result of an expression
to the calling function

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 48
or in part.
Summary (cont’d.)

• You call a function by including its name and actual


arguments (if any) in a statement
• Variables in C++ are passed by value by default
• A function prototype must be provided for each
function defined below the main function
• Scope of a variable indicates where in the program it
can be used
• Lifetime of a variable indicates how long it will stay in
internal memory

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 49
or in part.
Summary (cont’d.)

• Local variables can be used only within the function in


which they are declared or in whose parameterList they
appear
– Remain in memory until the function ends
• Global variables can be used anywhere
– Remain in memory until the program ends
• If more than one memory location have the same
name, position of the statement in which the name is
used determines which location is used

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 50
or in part.
Lab 9-1: Stop and Analyze

• Study the program in Figure 9-26, and then answer the


questions

Figure 9-26 Code for Lab 9-1


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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 51
or in part.
Lab 9-1: Stop and Analyze
(cont’d.)

Figure 9-26 Code for Lab 9-1


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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 52
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create

Figure 9-27 Problem specification for Lab 9-2


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 53
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-27 Problem specification for Lab 9-2

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 54
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-28 IPO chart for the main function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 55
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-28 IPO chart for the main function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 56
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-29 IPO chart for the getPayment function

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 57
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-29 IPO chart for the getPayment function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 58
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-31 IPO chart information and C++ instructions


for the main function
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 59
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-32 IPO chart information and C++ instructions


for the getPayment function
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 60
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-34 Beginning of finalized Car Payment Program


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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 61
or in part.
Lab 9-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 9-34 Completion of finalized Car Payment Program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 62
or in part.
Lab 9-3: Modify

• Modify the program in Lab9-2.cpp. Make the changes


listed in Figure 9-35 below. Save the modified program
as Lab9-3.cpp
• Save, run, and test the program.

Figure 9-35 Modifications for Lab 9-3


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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 63
or in part.
Lab 9-4: What’s Missing?

• The program is this lab should display the total due,


given the quantity purchased and the item price.
• Follow the instructions for starting C++ and opening the
Lab9-4.cpp file. Put the C++ instructions in the proper
order, and then determine the one or more missing
instructions.
• Test the program appropriately.

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 64
or in part.
Lab 9-5: Desk-Check

• Use the data shown in Figure 9-36 to desk-check the


figure’s code. What current total will the code display
on the screen?

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 65
or in part.
Lab 9-5: Desk-Check (cont’d.)

Figure 9-36 Test data and code for Lab 9-5


© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 66
or in part.
Lab 9-6: Debug

• Test the program in the Lab9-6.cpp file using the data


20500, 3500, and 10 as the asset cost, salvage value, and
useful life, respectively.
• The depreciation should be $1700.00
• Debug the program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 67
or in part.

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