Hare Krsna Hare Krsna Krsna Krsna Hare Hare

Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare

Jaya Sri Sri Radha Vijnanasevara (Lord Krsna, the King of Math and
Science)
KRSNA CALCULUS™ PRESENTS:

CHAPTER SEVEN:
THE CALCULUS OF
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Released by Krsna Dhenu

September 28, 2002
Edited: October 7, 2003
PREREQUISITES
 This chapter is generally the start of the Calculus II
curriculum.
 This chapter deals with logarithms, log differentiation,
log limits, and L’Hopital’s rule.
 Seeing these words, you should know about exponents
and logarithms. You also must remember derivatives,
integrals, and limits. In effect, you are expected to do
this chapter with a strong background of the previous
chapters. If you feel weak in any area, please take the
time to look at the previous chapters.
 You should also remember the log laws from pre-
calculus
LOG LAWS (from pre-
calculus)
 You should have remembered these laws
 Multiplication: log(ab)=log a + log b
 Division: log(a/b) = log a – log b
 Power: log (ab)= a log b
 Conversion of base: logab= (ln b)/(ln a)
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
 From a pre-calculus course, you should
remember the typical exponential function y=a x,
where a>0 and x is any real number.
 The inverse of the exponential function is the
logarithm function.
 This means: loga(ax) = alogax=x.
 Logs with base 10 are called common logs.
Denoted by “log x” i.e. log x = log 10x
 Logs with base “e” are called natural logs.
Denoted by “ln x” i.e. ln x = logex
LOGARITHM AS AN
INTEGRAL
 The logarithm can be
expressed as an integral
of 1/x. The integral
initially was defined as
the area of the function
from 1 to t.
 By definition, if x=1, then x 1
the limits would be the
same and therefore,
ln( x)  dt
1 t
ln(1) = 0.
 If x was 0, the function
would be undefined,
since 1/0 is undefined.
 If 0<x<1, then ln(x)
would be negative.
DERIVATIVES OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
 The derivatives of the exponential functions
shouldn’t be that difficult. In fact, you should
have had the “e” function and the “ln” functions
memorized. Nevertheless, I put them up
anyway. If you put “e” in for “a”, you will see
that it still works out!
d x d 1
dx
 
e e x
dx
ln x  
x
d x d 1
dx
 
a a x ln x
dx
log a x  
x ln a
 INTEGRALS OF
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
 With the exception of the “e” function, the integrals of the
logs and exponential functions wouldn’t be that easy. To
derive the ax integral, you rewrite the function as ex*ln a. If
you use u-substitution to solve this integral, you will notice
how u = x*ln a. If you differentiate, du/ln a = dx. Therefore,
you will get the integral stated below.
 The integral of ln x will be explained later in Chapter 8.

e dx e
x x
C
ln xdx x ln x  x  C
x
a x ln x  x
a dx  ln a  C
x
log a xdx  ln a  C
LOGARITHMIC
DIFFERENTIATION
 It doesn’t seem as easy as it sounds. Yes, even though
derivative of ln (x) = 1/x.
 There will be some functions where you cannot
differentiate functions using the basic rules of
differentiation mentioned in Chapter 2 and 3.
 Typically, such functions that require logarithmic
differentiation are the following.
 variablevariable.
 Long product of functions
 Very complicated mix of quotients and products.
EXAMPLE
 Differentiate the
following function!
 Pretty tough since both
x
y x
x variables change.
 We can’t really use the
previous rules of
differentiation because
neither variable is
constant.
LOGARITHMIC
DIFFERENTIATION y x x

 Use natural logs to help  

ln y ln x x
you out.
ln y  x ln x
 If you took the ln of xx,
d
then, you will get x*ln (x). ln y   d x ln x 
 If you take the ln (y) and dx dx
differentiate that 1 dy 1
implicitly with respect to  x   ln x
x, you will get (1/y) * y dx  x
(dy/dx). 1 dy
 Simply multiply by y and 1  ln x
y dx
you isolate the dy/dx and
thus, solved for the  1 dy 
y  1  ln x y
derivative.  y dx 
 Don’t forget to substitute dy
the y after multiplying!!!
dx
 
1  ln x  x x
ANALYZING LOGARITHMIC
DIFFERENTIATION
 Notice how by the power of the natural
log function as well as the implicit
differentiation problem became easy.
 Never forget the golden rule!
ln(fg)=g*ln(f). <Given that f and g are
functions of x>
 Let’s try another one.
 EXAMPLE
x  Given
y x sin x
 Take the logs of both
ln y ln x  x
sin x  sides and simplify.
x
ln y ln x  ln sin x
ln y  x ln x  ln sin x
 Differentiate implicitly
d
dx

ln y   d x ln x  ln sin x
dx
 with respect to both
sides. Simplify if
1 dy
y dx
 1  1 
 x     ln x  cot x necessary.
 x  2 x   Multiply both sides by y.
 1 dy    x   1  
 Substitute.
y     
  ln x   cot x y
 y dx    x   2 x  
  Leave your answer like
dy  x  1 
 
dx  x  2 x 

 ln x  cot x  x  x
sin x  this! Don’t bother
distributing!

LOGARITHMIC
DIFFERENTIATION
 Amazing how a innocent looking function
has a monstrous answer.
 Also amazing how a difficult function can
be broken down by logarithms.
 Always remember to simplify as much as
possible.
LIMITS
 Remember Chapter 1? The prelude to
calculus? The one and the only, the limit!
 If functions could be monstrous for
differentiating, they can always be
monsters for taking the limit, since the
laws of limits were straight-forward.
0/0 and ∞/∞
 Remember at times in Chapter 1, there
have been cases where in quotients
there would be a zero in the denominator
or 0/0 or something like ∞/∞ ?
 Now, there is a special way how to attack
these limits without having to surrender
to algebra too many times.
L’HOPITAL’S RULE!
 You can solve this problem by the use of the
one and only……
 L’HOPITAL’S RULE!
 Basically, it says if you have a rational function
h(x) = f(x)/g(x) and if the limit of the f(x) and
g(x) both are 0 or both ∞, then you can simply
take the derivative of f(x) and g(x) and apply
limit again.
 In other words, the limit of f(x)/g(x) is the same
as the limit of f’(x)/g’(x)
L’HOPITAL’S RULE
 Simply put…

f ( x) f ' ( x) f ' ' ( x)

lim lim lim 
x c g ( x) x c g ' ( x) x c g ' ' ( x)
EXAMPLE:
 Given the old classical 2
problem… x  25
lim
x 5 x  5
 If you differentiate the
top function, you get 2x.
If you differentiate the 2x
bottom function you get
1.
lim lim 2 x
 Taking the limit of 2x as
x 5 1 x 5
x approaches 5 is a
piece of cake. 2(5) 10
ANOTHER EXAMPLE
3
 Given the rational x  2 x 1
function.
lim 3
x  x  5 x 2  3
 An asymptote is
predicted since they both 2
are of equal degree. It is 3x  2
obviously 1, but let’s lim 2
prove it using L’Hopital’s x   3 x  10 x
rule.
 Always remember, if you 6x
are stuck with 0/0 or lim
∞/∞, then always use x  6 x
L’Hopital’s rule until you
can actually compute the
limit!
lim 1 1
x 
CONDITION FOR
L’HOPITAL’S RULE
 It must be a RATIONAL FUNCTION
 The limit be in a form of ∞/∞ or 0/0,
before applying the derivative.
 If the limit was able to be computed, yet
you differentiate again, you might not the
right limit.
LIMITS BY LOGARITHMS
 If we can differentiate using logarithms,
you can certainly take the limits using
logs.
 Same rules apply for taking limits of logs.
Use whatever log rules, algebra, and limit
laws possible
FIND THE LIMIT OF THIS
FUNCTION
 Find the following limit.
 Tough using the laws of limits. If 1/x = 1/∞ =0, then 1+0
= 1. However 1∞ =1 not necessarily define the proper
limit, since ∞ is such a vague number.

x
 1
lim 1  
x 
 x
LIMITS BY LOGS
 Let the function inside the x
 1
limit equal y. y  1  
 Things will look a little more
simpler once you use the ln
 x
function. x
 1
ln y ln 1  
 PROBLEM!! The limit of x will  x
be ∞, while the limit of the of
the ln function will be 0. If the  1
∞ was in the denominator, it ln y  x ln 1  
would become a 0. Therefore,  x
you got a 0/0 scenario.
  1 
 Time to use L’Hopital’s rule! limln y  lim x ln 1   
x  x 
  x 
LIMITS BY LOGS
  1 
 You can rewrite x, as limln y  lim x ln 1   
1/(1/x). That is to say, x  x 
  x 
put 1/x in the
denominator. Now, it’s a  1
ln 1  
rational function which x
L’Hopital’s Rule applies. limln y  lim 
 Now it is possible to
x  x  1/ x
1
differentiate the top and
bottom. 1 1 / x 
 1/ x2 
 Simply and apply the limln y  lim
x  x   1/ x2
limit.
1
limln y  lim
 The limit is simply 1. x  x   1  1 / x 

limln y  lim 1 1
x  x 
 DON’T FORGET THOUGH!
 The limit of the ln(y) = 1.
 We must find the limit of y, not lim ln y  1
ln y.
 
x 

lim ln y  ln lim y 1

 Remember limit of a function is
the same as performing the
function on the limit. x  x 
 Since the you got a ln on one
ln  lim y 
side and a constant on the 1
other side, you can simply e  x 
e
exponentiate both sides.
Remember that ln and e are lim y e
inverses. x 
x
 So this special limit yields the  1
number known as the backbone  lim 1   e
of calculus! “e”!! x 
 x
IMPORTANCE OF
LOGARITHMS
 As you have seen throughout this chapter, the
concept of logs have been proven quite
important in order to do simple calculus
functions like limits and intermediate functions
like differentiation and integration.
 In addition, “e” and “ln” are the backbone of
calculus. You cannot do anything without these
two powerful functions in calculus.
SUMMARY
 You must know how to differentiate and
integrate the exponential and logarithmic
functions.
d x d
e  e x ln x   1
dx dx x
d x d 1
dx
a  a x ln x
dx
log a x  
x ln a
 ln xdx x ln x  x  C
x x
e dx e C
x x ln x  x
a log a xdx  C
a dx  ln a  C
x
ln a
SUMMARY
 When you are differentiating monstrous looking
functions, or functions with variables in the
exponent and the base, both, then use
logarithmic differentiation! Don’t forget that you
are differentiating implicitly with respect to x.
 When you have ∞/∞ or 0/0 in a rational
function, use L’Hopital’s rule. If f(x)/g(x)
produces undefined results, keep
differentiating f(x) and g(x) until you can
evaluate the limit.
 When evaluating complicated limits, use
logarithms to make things look easier.
END NOTES
 Originally, this chapter was about “transcendental
functions.” Exponential and logarithmic functions are
certainly “transcendental functions.” Originally, this
chapter included hyperbolic functions. However, due to
the growing number of curricula that don’t teach
hyperbolic functions anymore, I have chose not include
it.
 Since this chapter included a great deal of logarithms
and exponential functions, I renamed this chapter.
 The following chapter is about how to integrate
functions in general. You must know all the algebra,
and the calculus learned so far. If not, REVIEW
chapters 1 -7! You may not have a second chance
after this point
 END OF CHAPTER SEVEN
 jaya sri krsna caitanya prabhu nityananda
 sri advaita gadadhara sri vasadi gaura bhakta
vrnda
 hare krsna hare krsna krsna krsna hare hare
 hare rama hare rama rama rama hare hare
CREDITS
 Dr. A. Moslow
 Mr. G. Chomiak
 Mr. J. Trapani
 Single-Variable Calculus (SUNY Buffalo)
 Calculus and Early Transcendental
Functions 5th Ed.
 “Dr. Math” for the logarithmic limits
question on the limit resulting “e.”
NEED HELP?
 E-mail: [email protected]
 Read help statement