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The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing in statistics, detailing the types of statistics, hypotheses, errors, levels of significance, and testing procedures. It explains the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors (Type 1 and Type 2), and outlines the steps involved in hypothesis testing with examples. Additionally, it includes specific examples demonstrating the application of z-tests and t-tests to determine statistical significance.

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11 views17 pages

Presentation 1

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing in statistics, detailing the types of statistics, hypotheses, errors, levels of significance, and testing procedures. It explains the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors (Type 1 and Type 2), and outlines the steps involved in hypothesis testing with examples. Additionally, it includes specific examples demonstrating the application of z-tests and t-tests to determine statistical significance.

Uploaded by

0323-2157
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hypothesis Testing

Forms of Statistics:
a. descriptive statistics
- are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a
given data set. It is broken down into measures of central
tendency and measures of variability
b. inferential statistics
- allows one to make predictions based on the given
data. It is subdivided into estimation of parameters and
tests of hypothesis.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis:
- a statement or tentative theory which aims to explain
facts about the real world. Most hypothesis have their origin in
a question to some practical problem.
In search for an answer, an “educated guess” and
pertinent evidences are brought out which later on are turned
into propositions or “hypotheses”.
These hypotheses are then subjected to testing. If they are
found to be statistically true, they are ACCEPTED. If found false,
they are REJECTED.
Hypothesis Testing
Types of Hypothesis:
a. null hypothesis – the hypothesis that we wish to accept of
reject; working hypothesis; signifies the none
significance of difference
b. alternative hypothesis – the hypothetical statement that the
researcher wants to prove
Types of Errors:
a. type 1 or alpha – when null hypothesis is rejected when in
fact it is true
b. type 2 or beta – when the null hypothesis is accepted when
in fact it is false
Hypothesis Testing
Level of Significance:
This is the probability of making a type 1 error.
May range from 0.01 to 0.99
Meaning:
if 0.01 = you are 99% sure of making the correct
decision
if 0.05 = you are 95% sure of making the correct
decision
if 0.10 = you are 90% sure of making the correct
decision
if 0.50 = you are 50% sure of making the correct
decision
Hypothesis Testing
Type of Tests:
one-tailed = when rejection region is only at one end
= condition is either less than or greater than
two-tailed = when rejection region is on both ends
= condition is non-equality
Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
1. Identify the null and the alternative hypotheses
2. Set the level of significance
3. Determine the test to be used.
4. Determine the critical or tabular value.
5. Compute for the test value.
6. Compare the values and make a decision.
EXAMPLE #1:
What are given?
mean weight of the college students: 45 kilos
standard deviation : 3 kilos
sample: 100 students
mean weight of the sample: 47 kilos

Ho: There is no significant difference between the mean weight of


the college students and the mean weight of the 100 sample
students.
OR:
Ho: The 100 college students are not really heavier than the rest.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the mean weight of
the college students and the mean weight of the 100 samples.
OR
Ha: The 100 sample students are really heavier than the rest.

Level of significance: 0.05

Use: z-test, formula #1

Critical value: if hypothesis #1: two-tailed: 1.96


if hypothesis #2: one-tailed: 1.645
Computed z = ((47 – 45) / (3/√100))
= 2 / (3/10)
= 6.67

Compare: 6.67 > 1.96 (or 1.645)


Decision: reject Ho
Conclusion: The 100 college students are really heavier than the
rest.
EXAMPLE #2:
Given:
morning session: 239 students
mean allowance: 142 pesos
afternoon session: 209 students
mean allowance: 148 pesos
population standard deviation: 40 pesos

Ho: There is no significant difference between the mean allowances of


the morning and afternoon session students.
Ha: There is significant difference between the mean allowances of the
morning and afternoon session students.
Level of significance: 0.01
Use:
z-test, formula #2
Critical value:
z = 2.58
Z-computed:
z = ((142 – 148) / 40(√((1/239) + (1/209)))
= (-6) / (40(√(0.0042 + 0.0048)))
= (-6) / (40(√(0.0090)))
= (-6) / (40)(0.095)
= -1.579 ≈ -1.58
Compare:
1.58 < 2.58
Decision:
Accept Ho.

Conclusion:
There is no significant difference between the mean monthly
allowances of the morning and afternoon students.
EXAMPLE #3:
Given:
sample 1: 80
population 1: 200 P1: 0.40 ; Q1:0.60
sample 2: 75
population 2: 250 P2: 0.30 ; Q2: 0.70
Ho: There is no significant difference between the two sample
proportions.
Ha: There is significant difference between the two sample
proportions.
Level of significance: 0.05
Use: z-test, formula #3
Critical Value: z = 1.96
Z-computed:
z = (0.40 – 0.30) / √[(0.40)(0.60))/200]+[(0.30)(0.70))/250]
= 0.10 /√ [(0.24/200) + (0.21/250)]
= 2.22
Compare:
2.22 > 1.96
Decision:
Reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion:
There is a significant difference between the two sets of viewers.
(OR )
There is a significant difference between the two sample proportions.
EXAMPLE #4:
Given:
average height: 1.525 meters
sample: 26 women
average height: 1.56 meters
standard deviation: 0.10 meters

Ho: The 26 women are not significantly taller than the rest.
Ha: The 26 women are significantly taller than the rest.
Level of significance: 0.05
Use: t-test, formula #1
Critical value: t=?
degrees of freedom: 26 -1 = 25
looking at the table: intersection of 25 and 0.05
t = 1.708
Computed t:
t = (1.56 – 1.525) / [0.10 / √25]
= 0.035 / [0.10 / 5]
= 1.75

Compare: 1.75 > 1.708


Decision:
Reject Ho.

Conclusion:
The 26 sample women are significantly taller than the rest.

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