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Unit 5

Unit 5 covers data analysis and presentation, emphasizing the transformation of raw data into information through editing and coding. It discusses descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, t-tests, and measures of association, providing insights into data interpretation. The document also outlines steps for report writing and presentation of research findings, including a common structure for research reports.

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10 views20 pages

Unit 5

Unit 5 covers data analysis and presentation, emphasizing the transformation of raw data into information through editing and coding. It discusses descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, t-tests, and measures of association, providing insights into data interpretation. The document also outlines steps for report writing and presentation of research findings, including a common structure for research reports.

Uploaded by

darshan11da
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 5

Data Analysis and Presentation


Data Analysis
• Information refers to a body of facts that are in a format suitable for decision
making, whereas data are simply recorded measures of certain phenomenon.
• The raw data collected in the field must be transformed into information that will
answer the sponsor’s (e.g. manager’s) questions.
• The conversion of raw data into information requires that the data be edited and
coded so that the data may be transferred to a computer or other data storage
medium.
• Editing is the process of checking and adjusting the data for omissions, legibility,
and consistency.
• Coding is the assignment of numerical scales or classifying symbols to previously
edited data. Coding involves assigning numbers or other symbols to answers so
the responses can be grouped into limited number of classes or categories.
The purpose of editing is to ensure the completeness, consistency, and readability of the
data to be transferred to data storage.
Coding for the transformation of raw
data into information
Codes allow data to be processed in a computer. Researchers organize
data into fields, records, and files.
• A field is a collection of characters (a character is a single number,
letter of the alphabet, or special symbol such as the question mark)
that represent a single type of data.
• A record is collection of related fields.
• A file is a collection of related records.
File, records, and fields are stored on magnetic tapes, floppy disks, or
hard drives.
Researchers use a coding procedure and codebook.
A coding procedure is a set of rules stating that certain numbers are
assigned to variable attributes.
A codebook is a document (i.e. one or more pages) describing the
coding procedure and the location of data for variables in a format that
computers can use.
DATA TRANSFROMATION
• Data transformation is the process of changing data from their
original form to a format that is more suitable to perform a data
analysis that will achieve the research objectives.
• Indexes and Scales: Scales and indexes give a researcher more
information about variables and make it possible to assess thee
quality of measurement. Scales and indexes increase reliability and
validity, and they aid in data reduction; that is condense and simplify
the information that is collected.
Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics summarize and organize data to


provide insights into its main features. Key measures include:
• Mean: The average of a dataset.
• Median: The middle value when data is ordered.
• Mode: The most frequently occurring value.
• Standard Deviation: A measure of the dispersion or
spread of data points.
Descriptive statistics serve as the foundation for
understanding data distributions and trends, helping students
interpret business scenarios effectively
Univariate Analysis

Univariate analysis focuses on analyzing a single


variable to understand its distribution and characteristics.
Techniques include:
• Frequency Distribution: Counts how often each value
occurs.
• Histograms: Graphical representations of frequency
distributions.
• Box Plots: Visual tools that show the median, quartiles,
and potential outliers.
T-Test
The t-test is a statistical method used to compare the
means of two groups to determine if they are
significantly different from each other. There are several
types:
• Independent Samples T-Test: Compares means from
two different groups (e.g., sales performance between
two regions).
• Paired Samples T-Test: Compares means from the
same group at different times (e.g., pre- and post-
intervention sales).
Measures of Association

Measures of association assess the relationship between


two or more variables. Common methods include:
Presentation of Research Findings
Report Writing
Results with one variable
• Frequency Distribution
Steps to be followed in report
writing
• Define the parts of a research report following a standard format.
• Explain how tables for presenting numerical information used.
• Summarize how the types of research charts selected and used.
• Describe how to give an effective oral presentation: Most research projects are
reported orally as well as in writing, so the researcher needs to prepare an oral
presentation. The presentation should defend the results without being
defensive. The presentation must be tailored to the situation and the audience.
• Discuss the importance of Internet reporting and research follow-up. Posting a
summary of results online gives clients ready access to that information. Some
online survey software processes the data and displays results in a
presentation-ready format.
A Common outline used in basic business research proceeds as follows:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Background
a. Literature Review
b. Hypotheses
4. Research Methods
5. Results (Data Analysis and Interpretation)
6. Discussion
a. Implications
b. Limitations
c. Future Research
7. Conclusions
8. References
9. Appendices
Research Reports Writing
1. The title and the title page
2. The executive summary or abstract
3. Table of contents
4. List of tables, figures, and other materials
5. Preface
6. The authorization letter
7. The introductory section
8. The body of the report
9. The final part of the report
10. References
11. Appendix
Example

Table of contents
Preface ● Theoretical framework
● Introduction to your research report ● Research design
– Introduction ● Results
– Problem statement
● Conclusions
– Research objective(s)
● Recommendations
– Research questions
● Limitations of study and suggestions for further
– The scope of the study
research
– Research method
– Managerial relevance ● References

– Structure of the research report ● Appendices

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