Chapter I

NATURE
INQUIRY &
RESEARCH
I. Nature of Inquiry
• Inquiry is defined as “seeking for truth,
information or knowledge”.
• The information is sought through
questioning.
I. Nature of Inquiry
• Individuals carry the process of inquiry
from birth till death.
• The process of inquiry begins with
gathering information and data through
applying the various human senses.
RESEARCH
II. What is Research?
• It is the systematic investigation and
study of materials and sources to
establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
• It is a process of inquiring.
Experience and
Knowledge
Experience is a familiar and a well-
used source of knowledge.
Significance of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To make changes
3. To improve the standard of living
4. For a safer life
5. To know the truth
6. To explore our history
 K W L
WHAT YOU KNOW WHAT YOU WANT TO WHAT YOU LEARNED
KNOW

WRITE ALL THE WHAT YOU DO NOT

THINGS YOU WANT TO
FILL OUT
KNEW ABOUT KNOW ABOUT
RESEARCH RESEARCH THIS PART
YET
• We want to
know….
 III.
Characteristics,
Processes and
Ethics of
Research
 Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures
and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it
starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. There is critical analysis of all data
used so that there is no error in the researcher’s
interpretations.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise
judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.

Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing .

 THE
RESEAR
PROCES
CH
S
The Research Process
1. Select a general problem
2. Review the literature of the problem.
3. Select a specific research problem,
question, or hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or display data.
6. Interpret the findings and state
conclusions or generalizations regarding
the problem.
 Types of Research
1.Library Research – done in the library where
answers to specific questions or problems are
available.
2.Field Research – done in the natural setting
such as barangay, school, or factory.
3.Laboratory Research – conducted in an
artificial or controlled conditions by doing the
study in a thoroughly specified and equipped
area.
 ETHIC
S
IN RESEARCH
Ethics in Research
Ethics generally is considered to deal
with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad.
According to a dictionary definition
(Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to
conform to accepted professional
practice.
Ethical considerations in
conducting research
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects‘ right to privacy
and dignity and protection of subjects from
personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and
assistance
Some Ethical Principles
• Honesty • Responsible
• Objectivity Publication

• Integrity • Respect for

colleagues
• Carefulness
• Social Responsibility
• Openness
• Non-discrimination
• Respect for
• Competence
Intellectual Property
• Confidentiality • Legality
Unethical Practices in
Conducting Research
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true
purpose of a study
2. Asking a respondent questions that
cause him or her extreme embarrassment;
guilt emotional turmoil by remaining him or
her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
Unethical Practices in
Conducting Research
4. Studying the respondents or research
subjects without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only
part of the facts, presenting facts out of
context, falsifying findings or offering
misleading presentation such as lying with
statistics.
Quantitati
ve and

Qualitative
Research
Introduction
In the previous lessons, you were
oriented with the characteristics,
processes, and ethics of research. Aside
from them, you also need to know the
two broad categories of research. They
can be identified by the type of
methodology used such as quantitative
and qualitative.
Introduction
The research method determines the way
on how the researcher will identify, collect, and
analyze relevant data for his/her research.
As a student-researcher, choosing either
qualitative or quantitative research will affect
the components of your study. Hence, you
need to recognize the similarities and
differences between them.
Activity:
Create different interesting questions
that you wonder about. Start with the
following interrogative pronouns. Write
your answers on your notebook.
1. Who 4. What
2. When 5. Where
3. Why 6. How
• Now, reflect on those questions you have listed.
What will you do to answer them? What
methods are you going to use?
• In this lesson, You will be oriented with two
methods that you can use in solving problems or
answering research questions.
• Remember that the type of information you will
get depends on the type of questions you ask.
Learning Objectives:

1. differentiate quantitative from

qualitative research; and
2. provide examples of qualitative
research in areas of interest.
Take a look on the comic strip below. Can
you distinguish the difference between the
two panels?
Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
• There are two broad categories of research
methodology: quantitative research and
qualitative research.
• The method to be used in conducting a research
will determine the approach the researcher
takes in identifying relevant data, and collecting
and analyzing the information gathered in the
research.
• Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative
approach will affect the components of the
research.
 Qualitative Research
• It sees social reality as unique and
therefore, human behavior can only be
understood by focusing on the events
based on their meanings for the people
involved.
• It is what people experience.
• It is associated with research methods
used in anthropology, history, and other
social sciences.
 Qualitative Research
• It is primarily an exploratory research.
• It is more flexible allowing more
naturalness for the interaction and
collaboration between the researcher and
participant.
• It examines the why, where, when or
who of a given study.
• It has a strong basis in the field of
sociology, political science, social
work and special education.
 Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research deals with designs,
techniques and measures that do not
produce discrete numerical data.

• It involves extensive narrative data in

order to gain insights into phenomena.
 Quantitative Research
• It is often associated with hard data.
• It is used to quantify – that is to put
numerical equivalence to findings.
• It includes designs, techniques and
measures that produce numerical or
quantitative data the analysis of which, is
mainly statistical.
• It is used to quantify the problem by way
of generating mathematical data or data
that can be transformed into usable
 Generally, quantitative and qualitative
research differs on the type of data they
produce.
Quantitative dwells on the collection of
numerical data analyzed by statistical analysis,
while the qualitative deals with descriptive, in-
depth and holistic data analyzed by summarizing,
categorizing and interpreting.
On this note, you need to use quantitative
research if you want to confirm or test a theory or
hypothesis and use qualitative research if you
want to understand concepts, thoughts and
experiences.
Here is a simple example on how you can
apply two methods differently on the same
research question, “How satisfied are
students with their studies?”

In quantitative research, you may

survey 250 students at your school and
ask them a question, “On a scale from 1-5,
how satisfied are you with your studies?”
Then, you can perform statistical analysis
on the data and draw conclusions such as:
“On average, students rated their studies
4.1”.
Here is a simple example on how you can
apply two methods differently on the same
research question, “How satisfied are
students with their studies?”

In qualitative research, you may conduct

in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask
them open-ended questions such as: “How
satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is
the most positive aspect of your study
program?”, and “What can be done to improve
the study program?” Based on their answers, you
can ask follow-up questions to clarify things.
Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews
and try to find patterns and commonalities.
Activity: Identify if the Research
Title is Quantitative or Qualitative

1.K-Pop Apocalypse:
Invading Filipino
Cultures
Activity: Identify if the Research
Title is Quantitative or Qualitative
2. Use of Supplemental Learning
Materials in Improving Students’
Academic and Attitudes in Pre-
Calculus
Activity: Identify if the Research
Title is Quantitative or Qualitative

3. K-Pop Comparative
Assessment on the Full
Implementation of Senior High
School Curriculum among
Private and Public Schools
Activity: Identify if the Research
Title is Quantitative or Qualitative

4. Livelihood
Aspirations and Life
Struggles of Badjao
People
 Quiz: analyze the following characteristics
of research method carefully. Classify
whether it is for QUANTITATIVE or
QUALITATIVE.
__________ 1. Aims to characterize trends and patterns
__________ 2. Applies more flexible processes
__________ 3. Gains greater understanding of group similarities
__________ 4. Follows structured processes
__________ 5. Employs structured research instruments
__________ 6. Chooses small sample sizes purposely
__________ 7. Focuses on greater understanding of individual differences
__________ 8. Administers either unstructured or semi-structured instruments
__________ 9. Provides deeper context and meaning
__________ 10. Starts with either a theory or hypothesis
Analyze the following concepts. Then,
categorize them into what type of research
method they belong to. Quantitative or
Qualitative
1. The researcher is an objective observer.
2. There is one concrete reality being governed by
unchanging natural laws that can explain any given
phenomenon.
3. The researcher is part of the context and intrinsically
linked to the findings.
4. Concerns of bias are not part of research because
the researcher is transparent.
5. There is one true reality regardless of context.
 Analyze the following concepts. Then,
categorize them into what type of research
method they belong to. Quantitative or
Qualitative
6. A phenomenon can be understood by studying its
component parts.
7. Conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent
unwanted influences.
8. Reality is context-specific.
9. A phenomenon can be understood only when studied
as a whole.
10.Reality is socially and experientially constructed –
resulting in multiple realities of a phenomenon.
 Quiz: analyze the following characteristics
of research method carefully. Classify
whether it is for QUANTITATIVE or
QUALITATIVE.
QUANTI 1. Aims to characterize trends and patterns
QUALI 2. Focuses on greater understanding of individual differences
QUALI 3. Applies more flexible processes
QUANTI 4. Gains greater understanding of group similarities
QUANTI 5. Employs structured research instruments
QUALI 6. Chooses small sample sizes purposely
QUANTI 7. Follows structured processes
QUALI 8. Administers either unstructured or semi-structured instruments
QUALI 9. Provides deeper context and meaning
QUANTI 10. Starts with either a theory or hypothesis
 Analyze the following concepts. Then,
categorize them into what type of research
method they belong to. Quantitative or
Qualitative
11. A phenomenon can be understood by studying its
component parts. – QUANTI
12. Reality is context-specific. - QUALI
13. A phenomenon can be understood only when studied
as a whole. - QUALI
14. Conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent
unwanted influences. - QUANTI
15. Reality is socially and experientially constructed –
resulting in multiple realities of a phenomenon. - QUALI
Analyze the following concepts. Then,
categorize them into what type of research
method they belong to. Quantitative or
Qualitative
16. The researcher is an objective observer. – QUANTI
17. The researcher is part of the context and intrinsically
linked to the findings. - QUALI
18. Concerns of bias are not part of research because the
researcher is transparent. - QUALI
19. There is one concrete reality being governed by
unchanging natural laws that can explain any given
phenomenon. - QUANTI
20. There is one true reality regardless of context. - QUANTI
V. Types and Examples
of Research in Different
Areas/Fields
 Types and Examples of
Research
1. Applied Research is designed to solve practical problems
of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for
knowledge’s sake; its goal is to improve human condition.
2. Basic Research, also referred to as fundamental or pure
research, is driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a
scientific question.
e.g. Basic science investigation probes for answers to questions like
the following:
• What is the possible cure for HIV?
•What is the genetic code of the fruit fly?
•How to mushrooms reproduce?
3. Correlational Research refers to the systematic
investigation or statistical study of relationships
among two variables, without necessarily
determining cause and effect.
4. Descriptive Research refers to research that
provides an accurate portrayal of a class or a
particular individual situation or group. It is also
known as statistical research.
5. Ethnographic Research refers to the
investigation of a culture through an in-depth study
of the members of the culture; it involves the
systematic collection, description, and analysis of
data for development of theories and cultural
behavior.
6. Experimental Research is an objective,
systematic, controlled investigation, for the purpose
of predicting and controlling phenomena and
examining causality among selected variables.
7. Exploratory Research is a type conducted for a
problem that has not been clearly defined. It helps
determine the best research design, data collection
method and selection of subjects.
8. Historical Research is one involving analysis of
events that occurred in the remote or recent past.
9. Phenomenological Research is an inductive
descriptive research developed from
phenomenological philosophy. Its aim is to describe
an experience as it is actually lived by the person.
10. Action Research involves the application of
the steps of the scientific method in the classroom
problems. This type of research is done on a very
limited scope. The population to be studied is not
so big. This type of research is helpful to beginning
researchers.
Assignment: Individual
What to do:
Prepare a written report on the research
process. Use references (use citation) for a
substantial and detailed paper.
Where to write: 1 short bond paper (handwritten)
When to pass: November 12, 2019 (Tuesday)