Module 1

SYLLAB
US
Listening: Communication Model - Listening for gist and
specific information
Speaking: 7C’s of Communication - Introducing self and
others
Developing fluency through JAM
Reading: Skimming for gist and Scanning for specific
information
Writing Grammar & Vocabulary:
Paragraph writing: Coherence and Cohesive Articles
Paragraph writing: Narrative and descriptive Prepositions
Use of appropriate punctuations Word Families: Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Prefixes and Suffixes
Communication
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
7C’S OF COMMUNICATION

Clarity Correctness Conciseness

Consideratio
Courtesy Concreteness
n

Completenes
s
 Listening
Listening for gist and specific information

1. What is the main topic of the conversation?

2. What is the speaker's primary concern in this dialogue? ❑ grasp the essential
3. Why did the news anchor mention that event? information or main idea
❑ Focus on keywords,
4. What is the overall tone or mood of the interview? intonation, and other
clues to guess the
5. What key information was emphasized in the lecture?
meaning
6. What can you infer about the speaker's opinion on the issue?
7. What’s the purpose of the passage?
8. What is the main idea the guest is trying to convey?
9. What is the main point of the advertisement you just heard?
10. Summarise the main storyline of the audio clip you listened to.
 Speaking

1. Introducing self and others

2. Developing fluency through JAM
Reading

Skimming and Scanning

SKIMMING
Skimming refers to the process of reading only main ideas within a
passage to get an overall impression of the content of a reading
selection.

To see what is in the news on a website or on a paper

To look through a text to decide whether you want to read it or not
To look through the television guide/program schedule to plan your evening
To see through a catalog to choose an offer
To go through the options after searching something on Google
SCANNING
Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to find
specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your
mind and you read a passage only to find the answer, ignoring
unrelated information.

To search for a word in a dictionary or index

To find a phone number or an address in a directory
To check the time schedule of a program in an agenda
To check the price of a specific item in a catalog
To know a particular information from a text
ACTIVITY – FOR EXAM
Reading Comprehension passages – Answer the questions applying the skimming and scanning
techniques.

https://www.hitbullseye.com/Reading-Comprehension-Practice.php

Articles from The Hindu – The Times of India – The New Indian Express
 Writing

Paragraph writing: Coherence and Cohesion

 Paragraph Writing
Coherence: the quality of being logical and consistent.
Explain: The ways a text makes sense to readers & writer through the relevance
and accessibility of its configuration of concepts, ideas, and theories.
1. Easily understand 2. Answers the questions 3. Makes it familiar
Cohesion: united and working together effectively
Explain: The grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of
a text which hold it together.
1. Well-structured 2. linked together 3. avoid unnecessary repetition
Cohesive devices:

Reference Substitution Connectors

(Pronouns)

Ellipsis Repetition Synonym

Substitution

Nominal Verbal Clausal

(one/ones, the same, so) (do, be, have, do the same, (so, not)
likewise, do so, be so)
Nominal
1) My pen is too blunt. I must get a sharper one.
2) I shoot the hippopotamus with bullets made of platinum because, if I use
leaden ones, his hide is sure to flatten them.
3) "I don't have any left, so I can't make a cup.”
4) "The concert tickets were sold out, so we couldn't get any.”
5) "The bookstore had run out of that, so I couldn't buy it.”
Verbal

3) Does Jean sing? – No, but Mary does.

4) ‘I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I don’t believe you do either.
5) "She completed the project quickly, and he did so.“
6) "He is studying law, and she is doing the same.“
7) "They have a passion for painting, and we have the same.“
8) "The party was lively, and the after-party was likewise.“
9) "She was so determined to succeed, and he has to be so."
Clausal

1) She didn't study, so it's not surprising that she failed the exam.
2) Everyone seems to think he’s guilty. If so, noo doubt he’ll offer to resign.
3) We should recognize the place when we come to it. Yes, but supposing not: then what do we do?
4) ‘Would you like cats if you were me?’ ‘Well, perhaps not,’ said Alice in a shooting tone
Connectors

Sub-ordinating
Coordinating (although, except, though, Correlative
while, if, whether, as, as if, (either/or, neither/nor, not
(FANBOYS)
where, wherever, before, only/but also)
since, when etc.)
Conjunctions
• A Conjunction is a word which merely joins together
sentences, and sometimes words.
1. God made the country and man made the town.
2. Either take it or leave it.
3. We both love and honour him

Three types:
1. Coordinating Conjunction Words
2. Subordinating Conjunction Words
3. Correlative Conjunction Words
Coordinating Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions are single words that connect similar parts

of a sentence, such as adjectives, nouns, and clauses.
• The acronym FANBOYS is often used to refer to coordinating
conjunctions.

FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO

She did not return that night, nor the night after.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions break sentences into word clusters called
dependent (or subordinate) clauses.
• Dependent clauses cannot stand alone and must be connected to an
independent clause to make a complex sentence.
• Subordinating conjunctions connect the dependent clause to the
independent clause.
Examples:
We can go to the beach when it opens in June.
The baby always cries whenever his mother leaves the room.
Even if the movies are closed, we could still go to the mall.
We could still go to the mall even if the movies are closed.
 Independent Clause and Dependent
Clause

I was tired after working all day, so I decided to go to bed early.

I enjoy sitting by the fireplace and reading.
She wants to travel the world and see wonderful sights.
Our planet revolves around the sun.
 (subordinating conjunction)

When Georgia woke up

We went to the Museum, which is one of our favorite childhood memory
spots.
After our trip to the mountains, I realized just how brave black bears
can be.
Correlative Conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions connect similar parts of a
sentence, such as adjectives, nouns, and clauses.
• However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions are combinations of coordinating
conjunctions, not only a single word.
• They always come in pairs and link grammatically
equivalent
As…as items.
Both…and
Either…or
Neither…nor
Not only…but also
Not…but
Whether…or
Examples

• I like cotton candy as much as I like root beer floats.

• Both the dog and the cat knocked over the trash can.
• Nadine wants to go to either Rutgers University or James Madison
University.
• Neither Molly nor Emma wants to see the new Batman movie.
• To alleviate stress, you should not only identify the stressors but also
find ways of coping with them.
Exercise
Conjunctions:
https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/conjunctions/conjunction-exercises/

Conjunctions: https://www.englishgrammar.org/conjunctions-exercise-2/
Refer to the Notes
1. Coordinating Conjunction Words
2. Subordinating Conjunction Words
3. Correlative Conjunction Words

Notes:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc_tEiy_B7U
https://byjus.com/govt-exams/conjunctions-list-rules/
https://carey.jhu.edu/uploads/files/Conjunctions.pdf
Ellipsis
The omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be
understood from contextual clues.

Nominal: Here are thirteen cards. Take any (-). Now give me any three (-).
Verbal: Have you been swimming? Yes, I have.
Clausal: I kept quiet because Mary gets embarrassed if anyone mentions about John’s name. I
don’t know why.
Repetition/Reiteration
1. Henry has bought a new jaguar. He practically lives in the car.
2. I turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb is perfectly easy.
3. There is a boy climbing that tree. The lad is going to fall if he doesn’t take care.
Synonyms
A word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same
language, for example shut is a synonym of close.

Q. Use appropriate synonyms from the list for the underlined words:
[glanced, exhausted, annoyed, sturdy, sagacious, nuanced]
1. She is stronger than any other woman living.
2. Alex was the wisest of all men.
3. My father was angry at me for faking a fever.
4. She looked for an empty seat to sit.
5. He is very tired today because of the exams.
 Paragraph Writing
Narrative - Descriptive Expository - Persuasive

Aspect Narrative Writing Descriptive Writing

Paints a vivid picture with
Purpose Tells a story or recounts events.
details.
Focuses on sensory details
Focus Emphasizes the sequence of events.
and imagery.
Typically follows a chronological May not follow a strict
Structure
order. chronological order.
Often uses a conversational or Employs a sensory and vivid
Tone
storytelling tone. tone.
Typically written from a first-person or Primarily written from a third-
Point of View
third-person perspective. person perspective.
May include characters but not
Characters Involves characters and their actions.
always.
 Paragraph Writing
Aspect Narrative Writing Descriptive Writing
Includes plot elements like Lacks a traditional plot
Plot Development
conflict, climax, and resolution. structure.
Frequently uses dialogue to
Use of Dialogue Minimal or no use of dialogue.
convey conversations.
Aims to engage readers Aims to create emotional
Emotional Connection emotionally by involving them responses through vivid
in the story. descriptions.
Novels, short stories, personal Descriptive essays, news
Examples
anecdotes. reports, travel writing.
Narrative Paragraph
1) My best friend is my own cousin. Her name is Lily Adams and, she is in the same age as me. She is a pretty, tall
girl with long black hair. Her deep green eyes like emeralds. Lily is a very talkative girl and she loves to help poor
people. She often carries extra food in her bag to give to the poor people she meets on the road……

2) The sun was setting over the horizon, painting the sky with warm hues of orange and pink. As I walked along the
sandy beach, the gentle waves lapped at my feet, leaving a cool, refreshing sensation in their wake. Seagulls soared
gracefully above, their cries mingling with the distant laughter of children building sandcastles. The salty breeze
tousled my hair as I strolled, lost in my thoughts, the rhythmic sound of the ocean a soothing background melody. It
was a moment of serene tranquility, a brief respite from the rush of everyday life.

3) The old bookstore sat at the corner of the quiet street, its sign swinging gently in the breeze. As I pushed open the
creaking door, a chorus of bells greeted me. The shelves were a labyrinth of stories, each book bearing the scent of
well-loved pages. The soft murmur of fellow book enthusiasts and the occasional scratch of a pen filled the air. I
wandered, lost in the aisles, fingers trailing over spines, until a tattered volume caught my eye. Time seemed to slip
away as I immersed myself in its world, the outside world fading into a distant echo.
Descriptive Paragraph
1) The ancient oak tree stood tall and imposing in the center of the meadow. Its gnarled branches,
thick with lush green leaves, spread out like an umbrella, providing a generous patchwork of dappled
shade on the ground below. The bark, weathered and rough, bore the scars of years gone by, each
groove telling a silent story of resilience. Moss and ferns clung to its base, creating a miniature
ecosystem at its roots. Sunlight filtered through the leaves, casting a mesmerizing pattern of dancing
shadows on the forest floor. Birds flitted in and out, finding refuge among the leaves, their chirps
blending with the rustling of the leaves in the gentle breeze. It was a sanctuary of nature's artistry, a
testament to the enduring beauty of the natural world.

2) The mountain range stretched majestically across the horizon, its peaks kissed by the first light of
dawn. Each ridge and crevice carved by eons of wind and rain told a tale of ancient battles with the
elements. A quilt of emerald and gold spread below, the valley lush with a tapestry of wildflowers.
Waterfalls cascaded down the rocky slopes, their crystalline threads catching the morning sun in a
dazzling display. A lone eagle circled overhead, a solitary sentinel of the heights. The air was cool and
invigorating, carrying with it the earthy scent of pine and the distant promise of adventure.
Narrative or Descriptive?
1) The ancient castle perched atop the rugged cliff, its weathered stones bearing witness to
centuries of history. Vines, like nature's tapestry, wove intricate patterns along the fortress walls,
their leaves dancing in the breeze. The scent of moss and damp earth mingled with the tang of
sea salt carried on the wind. Seagulls wheeled and cried overhead, guardians of this sentinel
overlooking the churning ocean below. From the highest turret, one could survey a panorama of
breathtaking beauty, where waves crashed against the base of the cliffs, their frothy fingers
reaching for the sky. It was a place where time itself seemed to hold its breath, preserving a
moment of everlasting grandeur.
2) The train rattled along the tracks, a rhythmic symphony of metal and motion. Through the
window, the world outside was a blur of passing landscapes. Faces of fellow travelers flickered in
and out of view, each lost in their own thoughts and destinations. The hum of conversation and
the occasional burst of laughter filled the air, creating a sense of camaraderie among strangers.
As the sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky with fiery hues, I felt the gentle sway of
the train rocking me into a state of peaceful contemplation.
 Use of Punctuations
Punctuation Mark Usage Examples
Ends a declarative sentence or
Period (.) She went to the store.
statement.
Question Mark (?) Ends a direct question. What time is it?
Indicates strong emotion or
Exclamation Mark (!) Wow, that was amazing!
excitement.
Separates items in a list, sets I need eggs, milk, and bread.
Comma (,) off introductory phrases, and In the morning, I'll go for a run.
separates clauses. If it rains, we'll stay home.
Joins closely related
She studied hard; she aced the
Semicolon (;) independent clauses without a
exam.
conjunction.
 Punctuation Mark Usage Examples
The ingredients are: flour, sugar,
Introduces a list or explanation, and and eggs. The book is titled:
Colon (:)
separates titles from subtitles. "The Great Adventure: Journey
to the Unknown."
Sets off additional information or a She was finally free—no more
Dash (— or –)
sudden change in thought. work!
Enclose direct speech or titles of He said, "Hello there." She read
Quotation Marks (" ")
shorter works. "The Catcher in the Rye."
Indicates possession, contractions,
Apostrophe (') Jane's book, we're, can't
or omission of letters.
Used within quoted material to He said, "She [Mary] is a great
Brackets ([])
clarify or provide context. athlete."
Slash (/) Indicates alternatives or choices. You can choose red/blue/green.
Joins compound words, indicates a
Mother-in-law, 1990-2000, a
Hyphen (-) range, or breaks a word at the end
long-term relationship.
of a line.
Add suitable Punctuations
Emilys dog a lively golden retriever named Max always brings a smile to her
face she takes him to the park every afternoon there they play fetch and enjoy the
fresh air todays weather with its bright sunshine and gentle breeze is perfect for
their outdoor adventure she said to her niece alas Im going to Mumbai I cant
forget the memories As they explore Emily cant help but thinks about all the fun
memories theyve created together Maxs boundless energy and enthusiasm
remind her to appreciate lifes simple pleasures the joy of companionship the
beauty of nature and the unconditional love of a furry friend
Answer
Emily's dog - a lively golden retriever named Max - always brings a smile to her
face. She takes him to the park every afternoon. There, they play fetch and enjoy
the fresh air. Today's weather, with its bright sunshine and gentle breeze, is
perfect for their outdoor adventure. She said to her niece, “Alas! I’m going to
Mumbai. I can’t forget the memories”. As they explore, Emily can't help but
thinks about all the fun memories they've created together. Max's boundless
energy and enthusiasm remind her to appreciate life's simple pleasures: the joy of
companionship, the beauty of nature, and the unconditional love of a furry friend.
Grammar & Vocabulary
Parts of Speech (8)
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Adjective
• Verb
• Adverb
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection
ARTICLES
A – AN - THE
Prepositions
Prepositions PRE + POSITION – of a NOUN/PRONOUN

• A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a

pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing
denoted by it stands in regard to something else.
Exercise
1. https://www.englishgrammar.org/prepositions-exercise-50/
Types of Prepositions

1. Simple Preposition
2. Compound Preposition
3. Double Preposition
4. Phrasal Preposition
5. Participle Preposition
6. Detached Preposition
Simple prepositions are the short words used to show the relationship between
nouns, pronouns, or to join parts of a clause or sentence.
 amongst, amidst, above, around, along, across,
about, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond,
outside, within, without.

A compound preposition is established by connecting the prepositions in a sentence before the

noun, pronoun, adjective and adverb. It can be said as a combination of words identified using
It can be identified noting the existence of two or
two syllable count. Usually, they can be identified as having a prefix ‘a’ or ‘be’.
more syllables.
OBJECT + PREPOSITION + OBJECT’s MODIFIER
Given, Provided
Where are you coming back from?
Exercises
1. https://www.javatpoint.com/preposition-exercises
2. https://www.englishgrammar.org/prepositions-exercise-54/
3. https://www.englishgrammar.org/prepositions-exercise-51/

Notes
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwefTXnHN9Q
WORD FAMILIES
Word Family Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Prefix Suffix
Communicatio Communicatio Communicativel
Communicate Communicative Com- (prefix) -tion (suffix)
n n y

Ambition Ambition Ambitiousness Ambitious Ambitiously Am- (prefix) -ness (suffix)

Technology Technologise Technologist Technological Technologically Tech- (prefix) -ology (suffix)

Creativity Create Creation Creative Creatively Cre- (prefix) -ive (suffix)

Education Educate Educator Educational Educationally Edu- (prefix) -tion (suffix)

Revolution Revolutionise Revolutionary Revolutionary Revolutionarily Re- (prefix) -ary (suffix)

Productivity Produce Production Productive Productively Pro- (prefix) -ive (suffix)

Environment Environmental Environment Environmental Environmentally En- (prefix) -ment (suffix)
Satisfaction Satisfy Satisfaction Satisfactory Satisfactorily Sat- (prefix) -ion (suffix)
Responsibility Respond Responder Responsible Responsibly Re- (prefix) -ibility (suffix)
Information Inform Information Informative Informatively In- (prefix) -ion (suffix)
Curiosity Curiose Curiosity Curious Curiously Cur- (prefix) -ous (suffix)