MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Managing the Digital Firm

Chapter 7B
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, THE INTERNET,
AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
The Global Internet
• What is the Internet?
• Internet Addressing and Architecture
• The Domain Name System
• Hierarchical structure
• Top-level domains
• Internet Architecture and Governance
• No formal management: IAB, ICANN, W3C
• The Future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
The Global Internet
THE DOMAIN NAME
SYSTEM

Figure 7.8
Domain Name System is a
hierarchical system with a
root domain, top-level
domains, second-level
domains, and host
computers at the third
level.
The Global Internet
INTERNET NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

Figure 7.9
The Internet backbone
connects to regional
networks, which in turn
provide access to Internet
service providers, large
firms, and government
institutions. Network
access points (NAPs) and
metropolitan area
exchanges (MAEs) are hubs
where the backbone
intersects regional and
local networks and where
backbone owners connect
with one another.
The Global Internet
• Internet services
• E-mail
• Chatting and Instant Messaging (IM)
• Newsgroups
• Telnet
• World Wide Web
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• VoIP
• Virtual Private Network (VPN)
The Global Internet
CLIENT/SERVER
COMPUTING ON THE
INTERNET

Figure 7.10
Client computers running
Web browser and other
software can access an
array of services on servers
over the Internet. These
services may all run on a
single server or on multiple
specialized servers.
The Global Internet
HOW VOICE OVER IP
WORKS

Figure 7.11
An VoIP phone call digitizes
and breaks up a voice
message into data packets
that may travel along
different routes before
being reassembled at the
final destination. A
processor nearest the call’s
destination, called a
gateway, arranges the
packets in the proper order
and directs them to the
telephone number of the
receiver or the IP address
of the receiving computer.
The Global Internet
A VIRTUAL PRIVATE
NETWORK USING
THE INTERNET

Figure 7.12
This VPN is a private
network of computers
linked using a secure
“tunnel” connection over
the Internet. It protects
data transmitted over the
public Internet by encoding
the data and “wrapping”
them within the Internet
Protocol (IP). By adding a
wrapper around a network
message to hide its
content, organizations can
create a private connection
that travels through the
public Internet.
The Global Internet
• The World Wide Web
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):
• Formats documents for display on Web
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
• Communications standard used for transferring Web pages
• Uniform resource locators (URLs):
• Addresses of Webpages
• E.g. https://www.aiub.edu/admission
• Web servers
• Software for locating and managing Web pages
The Global Internet
• The World Wide Web (cont.)
• Search engines
• Started in early 1990s as relatively simple software programs using
keyword indexes
• Today, major source of Internet advertising revenue via search engine
marketing, using complex algorithms and page ranking techniques to
locate results
• Shopping bots
• Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet for shopping
information
The Global Internet
HOW GOOGLE
WORKS

Figure 7.13
The Google search engine
is continuously crawling the
Web, indexing the content
of each page, calculating its
popularity, and storing the
pages so that it can
respond quickly to user
requests to see a page. The
entire process takes about
one-half second.
The Global Internet
WEB SEARCH ENGINE Search Engine Market Share Worldwide
MARKET SHARE (Feb 2021 - Sept 2023)
Worldwide bing Yahoo! Baidu YANDEX DuckDuckGo Naver Others
2.88% 1.36% 1.09% 1.04% 0.61% 0.16% 0.67%
Feb 2021- Sept 2023

Google
Figure 7.14A 92.19%
Google is the most popular
search engine on the Web,
handling 92% of all Web
searches.
(This 92% of all searches
are on several Google
Properties/ Services).
The Global Internet
WEB SEARCH ENGINE Search Engine Market Share in Bangladesh
MARKET SHARE (Feb 2021 - Sept 2023)
in Bangladesh bing Yahoo!
1.16% 0.32%
DuckDuckGo
0.07%
YANDEX Ecosia Baidu Other
0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.04%
Feb 2021- Sept 2023

Google
98.32%
Figure 7.14B
Google 98.32%
bing 1.16%
Yahoo! 0.32%
Others 0.20%
The Global Internet
• Web 2.0
• Four defining features
1. Interactivity
2. Real-time user control
3. Social participation
4. User-generated content
• Technologies and services behind these features
• Cloud computing
• Blogs
• Mashups
• Wikis
• Social networks
The Wireless Revolution
• Cellular systems
• Competing standards for cellular
service
• CDMA: United States
• GSM: Rest of world, plus AT&T and
T-Mobile (GP, Robi, Banglalink etc.)
The Wireless Revolution
• Cellular systems: Generation (cont.)
• 3G networks
• Suitable for broadband Internet
• 144 Kbps – 2 Mbps
• 4G networks
• Entirely packet-switched
• 100 Mbps – 1 Gbps
• 5G networks (2019)
• Plans to use millimeter waves (shorter than microwave)
• 2 Gbps – 10 times of current 4G
The Wireless Revolution
• Wireless computer networks and Internet access
• Bluetooth (802.15)
• Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area
• Useful for personal networking (PANs) and in business to transmit data
from handheld devices to other transmitters

FIGURE 7-15
Bluetooth enables a variety of devices,
including cell phones, PDAs, wireless
keyboards and mice, PCs, and printers, to
interact wirelessly with each other
The Wireless Revolution
• Wireless computer networks and Internet access
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
• Set of standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
• Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
• Use access points: Device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
• Hotspots: Access points in public place to provide maximum
wireless coverage for a specific area
• Weak security features
The WiFi Generations
Ration IEEE Standard Maximum Linkrate (Mbit/s) Adopted Radio Frequency (GHz)
Wi‑Fi 7 802.11be 40000 TBA 2.4/5/6
Wi‑Fi 6E 2020 2.4/5/6
802.11ax 600 to 9608
Wi‑Fi 6 2019 2.4/5
Wi‑Fi 5 802.11ac 433 to 6933 2014 5
Wi‑Fi 4 802.11n 72 to 600 2008 2.4/5
(Wi-Fi 3*) 802.11g 6 to 54 2003 2.4
(Wi-Fi 2*) 802.11a 6 to 54 1999 5
(Wi-Fi 1*) 802.11b 1 to 11 1999 2.4
(Wi-Fi 0*) 802.11 1 to 2 1997 2.4

* Wi-Fi 0, 1, 2, 3, are unbranded common usage

Figure 7.16
Mobile laptop computers
equipped with network
interface cards link to the
wired LAN by
communicating with the
access point. The access
point uses radio waves to
transmit network signals
from the wired network to
the client adapters, which
convert them into data that
the mobile device can
understand. The client
adapter then transmits the
data from the mobile
device back to the access
point, which forwards the
data to the wired network.
The Wireless Revolution
• Wireless computer networks and Internet access
• WiMax (802.16)
• Wireless access range of 31 miles
• Require WiMax antennas
• Sprint Nextel building WiMax network as foundation for 4G
networks in USA
• Qubee and Banglalion WiMax in Bangladesh
The Wireless Revolution
• Radio frequency identification (RFID)
• Use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an
item and location, and antenna
• Tags transmit radio signals over short distances to special RFID
readers, which send data over network to computer for processing
• Active RFID: Tags have batteries, data can be rewritten, range is hundreds
of feet, more expensive
• Passive RFID: Range is shorter, also smaller, less expensive, powered by
radio frequency energy
The Wireless Revolution
• Radio frequency identification (RFID)
(cont.)
• Common uses:
• Automated toll-collection
• Tracking goods in a supply chain
• Requires companies to have special
hardware and software
• Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable
for many firms
The Wireless Revolution
HOW RFID WORKS

Figure 7.17
RFID uses low-powered
radio transmitters to read
data stored in a tag at
distances ranging from 1
inch to 100 feet. The reader
captures the data from the
tag and sends them over a
network to a host
computer for processing.
Thank you
Chapter 7B