Engineering Analysis

ELEN 1220
Chapter (1)

Complex Numbers

1
 Introduction
 The complex number system is a result of the need to
solve some equations such as: 0.
 The solution of this equation is , which is called complex
number.
 In general, a complex number (z) may have the following
form (rectangular form):

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
where x is the real part of z (x = Re(z)).
y is the imaginary part of z (y = Im(z)).
 x and y are real numbers and j (sometimes, i) which is
called the imaginary unit, has the property that ( ).
2
The properties of imaginary unit

)

3
 Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers
 When the xy-plane is used for describing complex
numbers, it is referred to as the complex plane or z-plane.
(The term Argand diagram is sometimes used).
 Since each point on the x-axis represents a pure real
number, this axis is called the real axis.
 Since each point on the y-axis represents a pure imaginary
number, this axis is called the imaginary axis.
 It is useful to represent any complex number z with the
directed line segment (vector) from the origin to the point
that represents z in the complex plane.

4
Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

5
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers

𝑧 =𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦 (rectangular form)

𝑥 =𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 =𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟 =|𝑧 |= √ 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2

−1 𝑦
𝜃= tan
𝑥
𝑧 =𝑟 ¿
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜃 (polar form)
The proper value of the angle θ is determined by
inspecting the signs of x and y.
6
Euler’s Formula
𝑗𝜃
𝑒 =cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
−𝑗𝜃
𝑒 =cos 𝜃 − 𝑗 sin 𝜃
Note: In Euler's formula, the angle  must be in radians.
𝑗𝜃 −𝑗𝜃
𝑒
𝑗𝜃
+𝑒
−𝑗𝜃
𝑒 −𝑒
cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 =
2 𝑗2
The complex number 𝑧 =𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦
𝑧 =𝑟 ¿
𝑗𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒 (exponential form)
7
Example (1):
Express the following complex numbers in polar form:
(i) z1 = 3 + j4
(ii) z2 = − 3 − j4

Solution:

𝑟 =|𝑧 |= √ 𝑥 + 𝑦 =√ (3) +( 4) =5
2 2 2 2
(i)

−1 4 𝑜
𝜃= tan =53 . 13 (First Quadrant)
3

𝑧 1 =3+ 𝑗 4=5 53 . 13 o

8
(ii) 𝑟 =|𝑧 |= √ 𝑥
2
+ 𝑦
2
= √ (−3)
2
+(− 4)
2
=5
−1 −4 𝑜
𝜃=tan =53 .13 (Third Quadrant)
−3
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝜃=53 .13 +180 =233 . 13

𝑧 2=−3 − 𝑗 4=5  233. 13 o

9
 Example (2):
Express the following complex numbers in rectangular form:
(i) z1 = 1060o
(ii) z2 = − 530o

Solution:

(i) 𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜃=𝑟 ¿
𝑧 1 =10  60 o =10 ¿

(ii) 𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜃=𝑟 ¿
𝑧 2 =− 5  3 0 o =− 5 ¿
10
 Example (3):
Express the following complex numbers in exponential form:
(i) z1 = 1 + j
(ii) z2 = − 1 + j2

Solution:

𝑟 =|𝑧 |= √ 𝑥 + 𝑦 =√ (1) +(1) =√ 2

2 2 2 2
(i)

−1 1 𝑜 𝜋
𝜃=tan =45 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (First Quadrant)
1 4
𝜋
𝑗
𝑧 1 =1+ 𝑗=√ 2 𝑒 4

11
(ii) 𝑟 =|𝑧 |= √𝑥 2
+ 𝑦 =√ (−1) +(2) =√ 5
2 2 2

−1 2 𝑜 𝑜
𝜃=tan =− 63 . 435 + 180 (Second Quadrant)
−1
𝑜
¿ 116 .565 = 2. 0344 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑧 2=−1+ 𝑗 2= √ 5 𝑒
𝑗 2. 0344

12
 Algebraic Operations On Complex Numbers

(1) Addition
𝑧 1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦 1 𝑧 2= 𝑥 2+ 𝑗 𝑦 2
𝑧 1 +𝑧 2=(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 1+ 𝑗 𝑦 1 )+(𝑥 2 + 𝑗 𝑦 2)¿
𝑧 1 +𝑧 2=(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 1+𝑥2 )+ 𝑗( 𝑦 1 +𝑦 2)¿
(2) Subtraction
𝑧 1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦 1 𝑧 2= 𝑥 2+ 𝑗 𝑦 2
𝑧 1 − 𝑧 2=(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 1+ 𝑗 𝑦 1 )−(𝑥 2+ 𝑗 𝑦 2 )¿
𝑧 1 − 𝑧 2=(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 1 − 𝑥 2)+ 𝑗 ( 𝑦 1 − 𝑦 2 )¿
Addition and subtraction are easier in rectangular form.
13
(3) Multiplication
𝑧 1 =𝑟 1 ∠ 𝜃 1 𝑧 2=𝑟 2 ∠ 𝜃 2
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =(𝑟 ¿ ¿ 1 ∠ 𝜃 1)(𝑟 2 ∠ 𝜃2 )¿
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ∠ 𝜃 1 + 𝜃 2
(4) Division

𝑧 1 =𝑟 1 ∠ 𝜃 1 𝑧 2=𝑟 2 ∠ 𝜃 2
𝑧 1 / 𝑧 2=(𝑟 ¿ ¿ 1 ∠ 𝜃1) /(𝑟 2 ∠ 𝜃 2)¿
𝑟1
𝑧 1 ¿ 𝑧 2= ∠ 𝜃1 − 𝜃 2
𝑟2
Multiplication and division are easier in polar form
14
Example (4):
For the two complex numbers z1 = 3 + j7 and z2 = 5 − j6,
perform the following algebraic operations:
(i) z1 + z2
(ii) z1 − z2
(iii) z1 z2
(iv) z1/z2
Solution:
(i) 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2=( 𝑥 ¿ ¿ 1+ 𝑥2 )+ 𝑗 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 ) ¿
𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2=( 3 +5 ) + 𝑗 (7 −6 )=8 + 𝑗
(ii) 𝑧 1 − 𝑧 2=(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 1 − 𝑥 2)+ 𝑗 ( 𝑦 1 − 𝑦 2 )¿
𝑧 1 − 𝑧 2=( 3 − 5 ) + 𝑗 ( 7+ 6 ) =−2+ 𝑗 13
15
(iii) By using the polar form:
𝑜
𝑧 1 =3+ 𝑗 7= 7 . 616 ∠ 66 . 8
𝑜
𝑧 2=5 − 𝑗 6=7 . 81∠ − 50 .2
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ∠ 𝜃 1 + 𝜃 2
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =7 . 616 ×7 . 81 ∠66 . 8 − 50 .2 =59 . 481 ∠16 . 6

By using the rectangular form:

𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =( 3+ 𝑗 7 ) ( 5− 𝑗 6 )=15 − 𝑗 18 + 𝑗 35+ 42
¿ 57 + 𝑗 17

16
(iv) By using the polar form:
𝑜
𝑧 1 =3+ 𝑗 7= 7 . 616 ∠ 66 . 8
𝑜
𝑧 2=5 − 𝑗 6=7 . 81∠ − 50 .2
𝑟1
𝑧 1 ¿ 𝑧 2= ∠ 𝜃1 − 𝜃 2
𝑟2
7 .616 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑧 1 ¿ 𝑧 2= ∠ 66 . 8 +50 . 2 =0 . 975 ∠ 117
7 . 81

By using the rectangular form:

17
 Basic Algebraic Properties of Complex Numbers
 The commutative laws for addition and multiplication
𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2= 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 1
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑧1
 The associative laws for addition and multiplication

(𝑧 ¿ ¿1+𝑧 2)+𝑧 3=𝑧 1+(𝑧 ¿ ¿2+𝑧 3)¿¿

(𝑧 ¿ ¿1𝑧 2) 𝑧 3=𝑧 1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 )¿
 The distributive law

𝑧 3 (𝑧 ¿ ¿ 1+ 𝑧 2 )=𝑧 3 𝑧 1 +𝑧 3 𝑧 2 ¿
18
 Conjugate of Complex Numbers
 The conjugate of the complex number is the reflection
in the real axis of the complex number.
 The conjugate of the complex number is denoted by z*
and is given by:
 rectangular form y

𝑧 =𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦 ∗
𝑧 =𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦 z
r
 polar form 
x
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜃 ∗
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ −𝜃
r 
 exponential form
z*
𝑗𝜃 ∗ − 𝑗𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒
19
 Notes:
 The sum of a complex number z and its conjugate z* is
the real number 2x.
∗
𝑧 + 𝑧 =2 𝑥
 The difference between a complex number z and its
conjugate z* is the imaginary number j2y.
∗
𝑧−𝑧 = 𝑗2 𝑦
 The product of a complex number z and its conjugate
z* is the real number r2.
2
𝑧 × 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2=𝑟 2=| 𝑧|
 z = z* if and only if z is a real number.
20
De Moivre's Theorem

¿ ¿

For example, for n = 2

¿ ¿
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

21
 Powers of Complex Numbers

 If a complex number z in its polar form is given

as follows:
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜃=𝑟 ¿
 The following formula is used for raising a complex
number to the nth power.
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝑛 𝜃 =𝑟 ¿

22
Example (5):
Calculate the value of each of the following
expressions:
7
(i)(−1+ 𝑗 )
9
(ii) (1+ 𝑗 )
− 10
(iii)(1+ 𝑗 √ 3)
Solution:
(i) − 1 + 𝑗 = √ 2 ∠ 135 𝑜 = √ 2 ¿

¿−8− 𝑗8
23
 𝑗 = √ 2 ∠ 45 = √ 2 ¿
𝑜
(ii) 1 +
9
( 1 + 𝑗 ) =(√ 2) ¿ 9

¿ 16 √ 2 ¿
¿ 16 + 𝑗 16

1 + 𝑗 √ 3 =2 ∠ 60 =2 ¿
𝑜
(iii)
− 10
(1 + 𝑗 √3 ) = ( 2 ) − 10 ¿
− 10
¿ ( 2) ¿
− 10
¿ ( 2) (−0 . 5+ 𝑗 0 . 866)

24
Example (6):
Calculate the value of the following expression:

[ ]
13
2+ 𝑗
4 𝑗 35 −(1 − 𝑗 2)

Solution:
2+ 𝑗 2+ 𝑗 2+ 𝑗
= =
4 𝑗 −(1 − 𝑗 2) − 𝑗 4 −(1 − 𝑗 2) −1 − 𝑗 2
35

¿ (
−1 − 𝑗 2 −1+ 𝑗 2
= )
2+ 𝑗 −1+ 𝑗 2 −2+ 𝑗 4 − 𝑗 −2 − 4 + 𝑗 3
5
=
5
¿ − 0 . 8+ 𝑗 0 .6
25
 𝑜
− 0 . 8 + 𝑗 0 . 6 =1 ∠ 143 . 13 =¿
13
(− 0 . 8 + 𝑗 0 . 6 ) =¿

¿ ¿
¿ 0 . 49+ 𝑗 0 . 872

26
 Roots of Complex Numbers

 If a complex number z in its polar form is given

as follows:
𝑧 =𝑟 ∠ 𝜃=𝑟 ¿
 The n roots of z are given by:

[ ]
1
𝑛 𝜃+ 2 𝑘 𝜋 𝜃+ 2𝑘 𝜋
𝜔 𝑘=𝑟 cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
𝑛 𝑛

where
k = 0, 1, 2, …, n – 1.
ω0, ω1, ω2, …, ωn-1, are the roots of a complex
number z.
27
Example (7):
Find all the cube roots of the following complex numbers:
𝑜
(i) 𝑧 =27 ∠ 210
(ii) 𝑧 =1 − 𝑗
(iii) 𝑧 =27 + 𝑗 0

Solution:
(i) n = 3 and k = 0, 1, 2

[ ]
1
𝑛 𝜃+ 2 𝑘 𝜋 𝜃+ 2𝑘 𝜋
𝜔 𝑘=𝑟 cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
𝑛 𝑛

28
 [ ]
1
3 210 210
𝜔 0 =(27 ) cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3
¿ 3 ( cos 70 + 𝑗 sin 70 ) =1 . 026+ 𝑗 2. 819
𝑜 𝑜

[ ]
1
3 210+ 360 210+ 360
𝜔 1=(27) cos( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3

¿ 3 ( cos 190 + 𝑗 sin 190 ) =− 2. 954 − 𝑗 0 . 521

𝑜 𝑜

[ ]
1
3 210 +360 ×2 210 +360 ×2
𝜔 2=(27) cos( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3

¿ 3 ( cos 310 𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 310 𝑜 )=1 . 928 − 𝑗 2. 298

29
 𝑧=1 − 𝑗=√ 2 ∠− 45 =√ 2∠ 315
𝑜 𝑜
(ii)

[ ]
1
315 315
𝜔 0 =( √ 2) 3
cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3
1
¿ ( √ 2) ( cos 1 05𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 1 05𝑜 ) =− 0 .2905 + 𝑗 1 . 084
3

[ ]
1
315+360 315 +360
𝜔 1=( √ 2) cos (
3
)+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3
1
¿ ( √ 2) ( cos 225 𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 225 𝑜 )=− 0 . 794 − 𝑗 0 .794
3

[ ]
1
315+360 × 2 315+360 × 2
𝜔 2=( √ 2) cos (
3
)+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3
1
¿ ( √ 2) ( cos 345 𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 345 𝑜 )=1 . 084 − 𝑗 0 . 2905
3

30
 𝑜
(iii) 𝑧=27 + 𝑗 0=27 ∠ 0

[ ]
1
3 0 0
𝜔 0 =(27 ) cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3

¿ 3 ( cos 0 𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 0 𝑜 ) =3

[ ]
1
3 0 +360 0 +360
𝜔 1=(27) cos( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3

¿ 3 ( cos 120 + 𝑗 sin 120 ) =− 1 . 5+ 𝑗 2 . 6

𝑜 𝑜

[ ]
1
3 0 +360 × 2 0+360 × 2
𝜔 2=(27) cos( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3

¿ 3 ( cos 240 𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 240 𝑜 )=− 1 .5 − 𝑗 2. 6

31
Example (8):
Solve the following equation:
3
𝑧 + 1= 𝑗
Solution:
3
𝑧 + 1= 𝑗
𝑧 =−1+ 𝑗= √ 2∠135
3 𝑜

n = 3 and k = 0, 1, 2

[ ]
1
𝑛 𝜃+ 2 𝑘 𝜋 𝜃+ 2𝑘 𝜋
𝜔 𝑘=𝑟 cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
𝑛 𝑛

32
 [ ]
1
135 135
𝜔 0 =( √ 2) 3
cos ( )+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3
1
¿ ( √ 2) ( cos 45𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 45 𝑜 )=0 .7937 + 𝑗 0 . 7937
3

[ ]
1
135+360 135+ 360
𝜔 1=( √ 2) cos (
3
)+ 𝑗 sin( )
3 3
1
¿ ( √ 2) ( cos 165 𝑜+ 𝑗 sin 165𝑜 ) =−1 . 084 + 𝑗 0 . 2905
3

[ ]
1
135+360 × 2 135 +360 ×2
𝜔 2=( √ 2) cos (
3
)+ 𝑗 sin ( )
3 3
1
¿ ( √ 2) ( cos 285 𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 285 𝑜 )=0 . 2905− 𝑗 1 .084
3

33
 Plotting Circles in the Complex Plane

Suppos 𝑧 𝑜= 𝑥 𝑜 + 𝑗 𝑦 𝑜
e
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦

|𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑜|=𝑟

|( 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑜 ) + 𝑗( 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑜)|=𝑟
√ 2 2
( 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑜 ) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑜 ) =𝑟
( 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑜 ) 2+ ( 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑜 ) 2=𝑟 2

This equation represents a circle of radius r

centered at zo and the point z lies on this circle.
34
Example (9):

Plot the following equations in the complex

|𝑧 |=4
plane:
(i) |𝑧 − 1|= 3
(ii) |𝑧 − 1− 𝑗 2|=5
(iii)
Solution:
(i) |𝑧 |=4
|𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦|=4
√𝑥 2
+ 𝑦 =42

2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16
𝑧 𝑜= ( 0 , 0 ) 𝑟 = 4
35
(ii) |𝑧 − 1|= 3
|( 𝑥+ 𝑗𝑦 ) −1|=3
|( 𝑥 −1)+ 𝑗𝑦|=3
√( 𝑥 −1) + 𝑦 2 2
=3
2
( 𝑥 −1) + 𝑦 = 9
2 𝑧 𝑜= ( 1 , 0 ) 𝑟 =

(iii) |𝑧 − 1− 𝑗 2|=5
|( 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 ) − 1− 𝑗 2|=5
|( 𝑥 −1)+ 𝑗 ( 𝑦 −2)|=5
√( 𝑥 −1) +( 𝑦 − 2) =5
2 2

2 2
( 𝑥 −1) +( 𝑦 −2) =25 𝑧 𝑜=( 1 , 2 ) 𝑟 =5
36
 Plotting Regions in the Complex Plane
 The regions, which we will consider in this section, are
defined in terms of inequalities such as:
|𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑜|< 𝑟 |𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑜|> 𝑟
|𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑜|≤ 𝑟 |𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑜|≥ 𝑟
 For example,
|𝑧 +1 + 𝑗|<2
 To represent this in the complex plane, we first
consider the circle defined by:
|𝑧 +1 + 𝑗|=2
 This is a circle of radius 2 centered at (−1,−1).
37
 We should draw this circle using a dashed line to
represent the fact that the shaded region does not include
its boundary.
 To shade the region correctly, we need to consider
whether we are to shade the interior or the exterior of the
circle.

𝑧 𝑜=( − 1 , − 1 ) 𝑟 =2
38
 If we are considering an inequality in the form of , we
will be concerned with the interior of the circle, whereas
if we are considering , we will be concerned with the
exterior of the circle.

|𝑧 +1 + 𝑗|<2 |𝑧 +1 + 𝑗|>2
39
Example (10):
Plot the following regions in the complex plane.
(i) 2 ≤ |𝑧|< 4
(ii) 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑧 )< 4
(iii) 𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧 )<0
(iv) −1< 𝑅𝑒( 𝑧 )< 1

Solution:
(i) 2 ≤ |𝑧|< 4

40
(ii) 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑧 )< 4

(iii) 𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧 )<0

41
(iv) −1< 𝑅𝑒( 𝑧 )< 1

−1 1

42