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Data Communications Lec16

The document discusses data communications, focusing on the differences between analog and digital transmission, including the requirements for low-pass and band-pass channels. It also addresses transmission impairments such as attenuation, distortion, and noise, explaining their effects on signal quality and the importance of measuring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Examples of transmission mediums and network topologies, such as LAN configurations, are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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Zainab Fatima
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8 views17 pages

Data Communications Lec16

The document discusses data communications, focusing on the differences between analog and digital transmission, including the requirements for low-pass and band-pass channels. It also addresses transmission impairments such as attenuation, distortion, and noise, explaining their effects on signal quality and the importance of measuring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Examples of transmission mediums and network topologies, such as LAN configurations, are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Zainab Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communications

Lecture # 16
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• Analog versus Digital

• Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the


shape of the digital signal is possible only if:
we have a low-pass channel with an infinite or
very wide bandwidth.
• Digital Transmission needs a low-pass channel
i.e. between 0 and infinity.
We can have a low pass channel only if the medium is dedicated
to two devices (point-to-point) or
Shared between several devices in time (not frequency).
Example: wired LAN, a cable can be shared b/w stations.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• An example of a dedicated channel where the entire
bandwidth of the medium is used as one single channel is a
LAN. Almost every wired LAN today uses a dedicated
channel for two stations communicating with each other.
• In a bus topology LAN with multipoint connections, only two
stations can communicate with each other at each moment in
time (timesharing); the other stations need to refrain from
sending data.
• In a star topology LAN, the entire channel between each
station and the hub is used for communication between these
two entities.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• Analog versus Digital

• Analog Transmission:
• Analog channel requires a band-pass channel.
i.e. frequencies between f1 and f2.
• Bandwidth of a analog signal can always be
shifted.
i.e. from f1 to f2 and f3 to f4. (as long
as the width of bandwidth remains the same)
• Example: Cellular Telephony, limited bandwidth is
divided b/w many telephone users.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• Analog versus Digital

• Analog Transmission:

• If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send


the digital signal directly to the channel;
we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal
before transmission.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

• Signals travel through transmission media, which are not


perfect.
• The imperfection causes signal impairment.
• What is sent is not what is received.
• Three causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and
noise.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

• Attenuation
• Means loss of energy -> weaker signal
• When a signal travels through a medium it loses energy
overcoming the resistance of the medium
• Amplifiers are used to compensate for this loss of energy by
amplifying the signal.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

• Measurement of Attenuation
• To show the loss or gain of energy the unit “decibel” is used.

dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Attenuation
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Attenuation
• Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and
its power is reduced to one-half. This means that P2 is
(1/2)P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power) can be
calculated as

• A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the


power.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Distortion

• Means that the signal changes its form or shape.


• Distortion occurs in composite signals
• Each frequency component has its own propagation speed
traveling through a medium.
• The different components therefore arrive with different
delays at the receiver.
• That means that the signals have different phases at the
receiver than they did at the source.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Distortion
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Noise
• There are different types of noise
▫ Thermal - random noise of electrons in the wire
creates an extra signal
▫ Induced - from motors and appliances, devices
act are transmitter antenna and medium as
receiving antenna.
▫ Crosstalk - same as above but between two
wires.
▫ Impulse - Spikes that result from power lines,
lightning, etc.
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Noise
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

• To measure the quality of a system the SNR is often used. It


indicates the strength of the signal wrt the noise power in the
system.
• It is the ratio between two powers.

• It is usually given in dB and referred to as SNRdB.


DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is
1 μW; what are the values of SNR and SNRdB ?

• Solution
• The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:
DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
• The values of SNR and SNRdB for a noiseless channel are

• We can never achieve this ratio in real life; it is an ideal.

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