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sql_tutorial

This document provides an introduction to SQL, detailing its origins, structure, and basic commands, particularly the SELECT statement. It explains how data is organized in relational databases and includes examples of SQL queries, as well as instructions for using SQL with R. Additionally, it offers references and resources for further learning about SQL and its applications.

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marvelprobs90
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13 views46 pages

sql_tutorial

This document provides an introduction to SQL, detailing its origins, structure, and basic commands, particularly the SELECT statement. It explains how data is organized in relational databases and includes examples of SQL queries, as well as instructions for using SQL with R. Additionally, it offers references and resources for further learning about SQL and its applications.

Uploaded by

marvelprobs90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to SQL

February 23, 2012


Calvin Pan
“Any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic.”

- Arthur C. Clarke
What is SQL?
• Language developed by IBM in 1970s for
manipulating structured data and retrieving
said data

• Several competing implementations from IBM,


Oracle, PostgreSQL, Microsoft (we use this one,
specifically SQL Server 2008)

• Queries: statements that retrieve data


How data in a relational database is
organized
• Tables have columns (fields) and rows (records)

• Tables can be related (value in certain field from


table A must exist in corresponding field from
table B)

• Views (stored queries which can be treated like


tables)
The only statement you need to know

SELECT
• Used to retrieve data from tables

• Can also be used to perform calculations on


data from tables
Components of the SELECT statement
[ WITH <common_table_expression>]
the only required part

SELECT select_list [ INTO new_table ]

[ FROM table_source ] [ WHERE search_condition ]

[ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]

commonly used
[ HAVING search_condition ]

[ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]

-- parts in square brackets [] are optional


Simple SELECT example
ProbesetID Snp_chr Snp_bp p
1415670_at 1 3013441 0.80984 raw_pvalues

1415670_at 1 3036178 0.0014957

-- comments are preceded by two hyphens


-- * means all columns are returned
SELECT * FROM raw_pvalues
WHERE p < 1
ProbesetID Snp_chr Snp_bp p
1415670_at 1 3013441 0.80984
1415670_at 1 3036178 0.0014957
Another simple SELECT example
ProbesetID Snp_chr Snp_bp p
1415670_at 1 3013441 0.80984 raw_pvalues

1415670_at 1 3036178 0.0014957

-- comments are preceded by two hyphens


-- * means all columns are returned
SELECT * FROM raw_pvalues
WHERE p < 1e-2 AND snp_bp > 3020000
ProbesetID Snp_chr Snp_bp p
1415670_at 1 3036178 0.0014957
SQL Joins
SQL Joins
SQL Joins
SQL Joins
Click here to run query!
aggregate function

alias
derived table
common table
expression (CTE)
Using SQL from R

1. Connect to database
Using SQL from R

1. Connect to database

2. Run query
Using SQL from R

1. Connect to database

2. Run query

3. There is no step 3
Connecting to SQL Server from R
# requires RODBC package to be installed

library(RODBC)
ch = odbcConnect('DSN=Inbred')

# DSN: data source name


# use DTM ODBC Manager to see available DSNs
# on Xenon
Running a SQL query from R
# results is a data frame
results = sqlQuery(ch, 'select * from snp_info')

# or
q = 'select * from snp_info'
results = sqlQuery(ch, q)
References/Resources
• SQL Server Books Online T-SQL reference (main page):
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510741(SQL.100).aspx
• SQL Server Books Online T-SQL reference (SELECT statement):
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189499(v=sql.100).aspx
• Tutorial: SQL Server Management Studio:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb934498(v=sql.100).aspx
• Tutorial: Writing Transact-SQL Statements:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms365303(v=sql.100).aspx
• SQL Server Express Edition (free, requires Windows):
http://www.microsoft.com/betaexperience/pd/SQLEXP08V2/enus/
• SQL joins: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(SQL);
http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2009/04/13/sql-server-introduction-to-joins-basic-of-joins/
• RODBC: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RODBC/RODBC.pdf
• pyodbc: http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/
• Instant SQL Formatter (makes code easier to read):
http://www.dpriver.com/pp/sqlformat.htm

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