Building Java Programs

Chapter 1
Introduction to Java Programming

Copyright (c) Pearson 2020.

All rights reserved.
Static methods
 Algorithms
• algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.
• Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies"
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.
– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
– ...
3
 Problems with
algorithms
• lack of structure: Many tiny steps; tough to remember.
• redundancy: Consider making a double batch...
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.
– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the first batch of cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Set the timer.
– Place the second batch of cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Mix ingredients for frosting.
– ...
4
 Structured algorithms
• structured algorithm: Split into coherent tasks.
1 Make the cookie batter.
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.

2 Bake the cookies.

– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.

3 Add frosting and sprinkles.

– Mix the ingredients for the frosting.
– Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
... 5
 Removing redundancy
• A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated
tasks with less redundancy.
1 Make the cookie batter.
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– ...

2a Bake the cookies (first batch).

– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– ...

2b Bake the cookies (second batch).

3 Decorate the cookies.
– ...
6
 A program with
redundancy
public class BakeCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Console.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
Console.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
Console.println("Beat in the eggs.");
Console.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
Console.println("Set the oven temperature.");
Console.println("Set the timer.");
Console.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
Console.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
Console.println("Set the oven temperature.");
Console.println("Set the timer.");
Console.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
Console.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
Console.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
Console.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}

7
 Static methods
• static method: A named group of statements.
• denotes the structure of a program
class
• eliminates redundancy by code reuse
method A

statement
– procedural decomposition: 
statement
dividing a problem into methods

statement

method B

statement

statement
• Writing a static method is like
adding a new command to Java. method C

statement

statement

statement
8
 Using static methods
1. Design the algorithm.
– Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated.
– Decide what are the important overall tasks.

2. Declare (write down) the methods.

– Arrange statements into groups and give each group a
name.

3. Call (run) the methods.

– The program's main method executes the other methods
to perform the overall task.

9
 Design of an algorithm
// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.
public class BakeCookies2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Step 1: Make the cake batter.
Console.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
Console.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
Console.println("Beat in the eggs.");
Console.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
// Step 2a: Bake cookies (first batch).
Console.println("Set the oven temperature.");
Console.println("Set the timer.");
Console.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
Console.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
// Step 2b: Bake cookies (second batch).
Console.println("Set the oven temperature.");
Console.println("Set the timer.");
Console.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
Console.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.
Console.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
Console.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}
10
 Declaring a method
Gives your method a name so it can be executed
• Syntax:
public static void name() {
statement;
statement;
...
statement;
}

• Example:
public static void printWarning() {
Console.println("This product causes cancer");
Console.println("in lab rats and humans.");
}
11
 Calling a method
Executes the method's code
• Syntax:
name();

– You can call the same method many times if you like.

• Example:
printWarning();

– Output:
This product causes cancer
in lab rats and humans.

12
 Program with static
method
public class FreshPrince {
public static void main(String[] args) {
rap(); // Calling (running) the rap method
Console.println();
rap(); // Calling the rap method again
}

// This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song.

public static void rap() {
Console.println("Now this is the story all about how");
Console.println("My life got flipped turned upside-down");
}
}

Output:
Now this is the story all about how
My life got flipped turned upside-down

Now this is the story all about how

My life got flipped turned upside-down

13
 Final cookie program
// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.
public class BakeCookies3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
makeBatter();
bake(); // 1st batch
bake(); // 2nd batch
decorate();
}
// Step 1: Make the cake batter.
public static void makeBatter() {
Console.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
Console.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
Console.println("Beat in the eggs.");
Console.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
}
// Step 2: Bake a batch of cookies.
public static void bake() {
Console.println("Set the oven temperature.");
Console.println("Set the timer.");
Console.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
Console.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
}
// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.
public static void decorate() {
Console.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
Console.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}
14
 Methods calling methods
public class MethodsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
message1();
message2();
Console.println("Done with main.");
}
public static void message1() {
Console.println("This is message1.");
}
public static void message2() {
Console.println("This is message2.");
message1();
Console.println("Done with message2.");
}
}
• Output:
This is message1.
This is message2.
This is message1.
Done with message2.
Done with main.
15
 Control flow
• When a method is called, the program's execution...
– "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then
– "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.

public class MethodsExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
public static void message1() {
message1(); Console.println("This is message1.");
}

message2(); public static void message2() {

Console.println("This is message2.");
message1();

Console.println("Done with main.");

Console.println("Done with message2.");
} }

public static void message1() {

... Console.println("This is message1.");
}
}
16
 When to use methods
• Place statements into a static method if:
– The statements are related structurally, and/or
– The statements are repeated.

• You should not create static methods for:

– An individual println statement.
– Only blank lines. (Put blank printlns in main.)
– Unrelated or weakly related statements.
(Consider splitting them into two smaller methods.)

17
 Drawing complex
figures with static
methods
 Static methods question
• Write a program to print these figures using methods.
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
\______/

\ /
\______/
+--------+

______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

19
 Development strategy
______
/ \ First version (unstructured):
/ \
\ /
\______/  Create an empty program and main method.
\ /
\______/
 Copy the expected output into it, surrounding
+--------+ each line with Console.println syntax.
______  Run it to verify the output.
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

20
 Program version 1
public class Figures1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
Console.println();
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
Console.println("+--------+");
Console.println();
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
Console.println("| STOP |");
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
Console.println();
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
Console.println("+--------+");
}
}

21
 Development strategy 2
______
/ \ Second version (structured, with redundancy):
/ \
\ /
\______/  Identify the structure of the output.
\ /
\______/  Divide the main method into static methods
+--------+
based on this structure.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

22
 Output structure
______
/ \ The structure of the output:
/ \
\ /  initial "egg" figure
\______/
 second "teacup" figure

\ /  third "stop sign" figure

\______/
+--------+  fourth "hat" figure

______
/ \
/ \
This structure can be represented by methods:
| STOP |  egg
\ /
 teaCup
\______/
 stopSign
______
/ \  hat
/ \
+--------+

23
 Program version 2
public class Figures2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
public static void egg() {
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
Console.println();
}
public static void teaCup() {
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
Console.println("+--------+");
Console.println();
}
...

24
 Program version 2,
cont'd.
...
public static void stopSign() {
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
Console.println("| STOP |");
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
Console.println();
}
public static void hat() {
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
Console.println("+--------+");
}
}

25
 Development strategy 3
______
/ \ Third version (structured, without redundancy):
/ \
\ /
\______/  Identify redundancy in the output, and create
methods to eliminate as much as possible.
\ /
\______/
+--------+  Add comments to the program.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

26
 Output redundancy
______
/ \
/ \
\ / The redundancy in the output:
\______/

\ /
 egg top: reused on stop sign, hat
\______/  egg bottom: reused on teacup, stop sign
+--------+
 divider line: used on teacup, hat
______
/ \
/ \ This redundancy can be fixed by methods:
| STOP |
\ /  eggTop

\______/  eggBottom

______  line
/ \
/ \
+--------+

27
 Program version 3
// Suzy Student, CSE 138, Spring 2094
// Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.
public class Figures3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
// Draws the top half of an an egg figure.
public static void eggTop() {
Console.println(" ______");
Console.println(" / \\");
Console.println("/ \\");
}
// Draws the bottom half of an egg figure.
public static void eggBottom() {
Console.println("\\ /");
Console.println(" \\______/");
}
// Draws a complete egg figure.
public static void egg() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
Console.println();
}
...
28
 Program version 3,
cont'd.
...
// Draws a teacup figure.
public static void teaCup() {
eggBottom();
line();
Console.println();
}
// Draws a stop sign figure.
public static void stopSign() {
eggTop();
Console.println("| STOP |");
eggBottom();
Console.println();
}
// Draws a figure that looks sort of like a hat.
public static void hat() {
eggTop();
line();
}
// Draws a line of dashes.
public static void line() {
Console.println("+--------+");
}
}

29