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Programming Fundamentals 3.

The document covers programming fundamentals, specifically focusing on error types in C/C++: syntax errors, logical errors, and runtime errors. It also explains control flow statements such as if, if-else, if-else if, and while loops with examples for each. The examples illustrate how to implement these concepts in code, such as determining grades and summing numbers.

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3 views

Programming Fundamentals 3.

The document covers programming fundamentals, specifically focusing on error types in C/C++: syntax errors, logical errors, and runtime errors. It also explains control flow statements such as if, if-else, if-else if, and while loops with examples for each. The examples illustrate how to implement these concepts in code, such as determining grades and summing numbers.

Uploaded by

logj05585
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming

Fundamentals
Course Code: CS-312
Instructor: Muhammad Bilal
Errors
Syntax Error
 When a programmer writes code that does not follow the C/C++ syntax rules, it leads to the creation of
syntax errors.
 E.g: typing errors, missing keywords or variables, mismatched parentheses, and brackets, incorrect data
types used for operations in a program, etc.

Logical Error
 A logical error is an error that occurs when a program produces an incorrect output as a result of incorrect
logic or incorrect input.
 For example, if a user were to input two numbers into a program expecting the sum of those two numbers
to be returned. But instead of that, the product was returned.

Runtime Error
 A runtime error occurs when a code is executed and an unexpected condition happens. The most common
causes of these errors are- coding mistakes, memory corruption, or incorrect system configuration.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 0;
int result = a/b;
cout<<result;
if statement
 Selection statements choose among alternative courses of action.
 For example, suppose the passing grade on an exam is 60. The following statement
determines whether the condition “greater than or equal to 60” is true or false.
 If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60, then “Passed” is printed
 If false, the printing is ignored.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
int grade=70;
if (grade >= 60)
{
cout<<"Passed";
}
if else statement
 The if…else selection statement specifies different actions to perform when the
condition is true or false
 For example, the statement prints “Passed” if the student’s grade is greater than or
equal to 60; otherwise, it prints “Failed.”
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
int grade=59;
if (grade >= 60)
{
cout<<"Passed";
}
else
{
cout<<"Failed";
}

if else if statement
For example, the following code prints:
A for grades greater than or equal to 90,
B for grades greater than or equal to 80 (but less than 90),
C for grades greater than or equal to 70 (but less than 80),
D for grades greater than or equal to 60 (but less than 70),
F for all other grades.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)

int grade=95;

if (grade >= 90)

cout<<"A";

else if (grade >= 80)

cout<<"B";

else if (grade >= 70)

cout<<"C";

else if (grade >= 60)

cout<<"D";

else

cout<<"F";

}

while statement
An iteration statement (also called a repetition statement or loop) repeats
an action while some condition remains true.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
int a=1; //initialization
while(a<=5) //condition
{
cout<<"hello\n";
a=a+1; //increment/dec
}
while statement
 Example: print HELLO ten times
 Example: print number 1-10 using while loop
while statement
 Example: To find the sum of all numbers from 1 to 10

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
int sum=0;
int counter=1;
while (counter<=10)
{
sum=sum+counter;
counter++;
}

cout<<sum;

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