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Multivariable Process Control

The document discusses multivariable process control, focusing on process interactions and control loop dynamics. It emphasizes the importance of pairing controlled and manipulated variables effectively, utilizing methods like the Relative Gain Array to minimize undesirable interactions. Additionally, it highlights the benefits of decoupling control loops to enhance system stability and allow for independent tuning of controllers.

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1 views

Multivariable Process Control

The document discusses multivariable process control, focusing on process interactions and control loop dynamics. It emphasizes the importance of pairing controlled and manipulated variables effectively, utilizing methods like the Relative Gain Array to minimize undesirable interactions. Additionally, it highlights the benefits of decoupling control loops to enhance system stability and allow for independent tuning of controllers.

Uploaded by

anushazargar5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multivariable

Process Control
Prepared by:
Janki Tailor
Process Interactions and control loop interactions
Block diagram analysis
• Two controlled variable and two manipulated variables, four
process transfer functions are necessary to completely
characterize the process dynamics

• Simultaneous changes in M1 and M2 have an additive effect


on each controlled variable:
Block diagram analysis

Vector form
• Above diagrams indicate that the process interactions can induce
undesirable interactions between the control loops.
• Suppose that the 1-1/2-2 control scheme is used and a disturbance moves
C1 away from its set point R1
1. The controller for loop 1(Gc1) adjusts M1 so as to force C1 back to the set
point. M1 also affects C2 via transfer function Gp21.
2. Since C2 has changed, the loop 2 controller (Gc2) adjusts M2 so as to bring
C2 back to its set point R2. Changing M2 also affects C1 via transfer function
Gp12.
• The hidden feedback loop causes two potential problems:
1. It may destabilize the closed loop system.
2. It tends to make controller tuning more difficult.
• The transfer function between a controlled variable and a
manipulated variable depends on whether the other feedback control
loops are open or closed.
• Consider the control system in figure a.
• If the controller for the second loop Gc2 is out of service or is placed in
manual with the controller output constant at its nominal value, then
M2(s) = 0.
• If the second feedback controller is in the automatic mode, then M2(s)
 0.
• Use block diagram algebra,
• Cover on board
Pairing of controlled and manipulated variables
• 5 controlled variable and 5
manipulated variable

• Different ways of pairing are

• 5 ! = 120

• Some of these configurations are


impractical.

• Systematic approach for


determining the best pairing of CV
and MV

• The Relative Gain Array Method


Bristol’s Relative Gain Array
Method
1. A measure of process interactions
2. A recommendation concerning the most effective pairing of controlled and
manipulated variables.

• For i = 1, 2, ….. n and j = 1, 2, …..n


Only direct effect direct and indirect effect

𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
¿
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 +𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
Five possible cases:
1. =1
2. =0
3. 0 <  <1
4. >1
5. <0
Relative Gain Array
Relative Gain Array
• The RGA has two important properties:
1. It is normalized since the sum of the elements in each row or
column is one
2. The relative gains are dimensionless and thus not affected by choice
of units or scaling of variables.
Remarks
• In a similar manner as before, we can define the following three remaining
relative gains between the two inputs and two outputs of the process we
have been considering:
Selection of loops/pairing of manipulated and controlled variable

• Arrange the four relative gains into a matrix form, which is known as
the relative gain array:

• It can be shown that the sum of the relative gains in any row or
column of the array is equal to 1
Selection of loops/pairing of manipulated and controlled variable

• We need to know only one of the four relative gains, while other three can be
easily computed.

• Here we can have two non interacting loops and two interacting loops.
Selection of loops/pairing of manipulated and controlled variable
Selection of loops/pairing of manipulated and controlled variable
Rule of thumb: Never form loops by coupling inputs to outputs with negative
relative gains.

So select the control loops by pairing the controlled outputs with the manipulated
variables in such a way that the relative gains are positive and as close as possible
to UNITY
How we can reduce the Interaction?
DECOUPLING (Design of non interacting control loops)
Important benefits of Decoupling control systems
1. Control loop interactions are eliminated and consequently the stability of the closed
loop system is determined by the stability characteristics of the individual feedback
control loops.
2. A set point change for one controlled variable has no effect on the other controlled
variable.
Remarks
• Two interacting control loops are perfectly decoupled only when the
process is perfectly known. Since this requirement is rarely satisfied in
practice. Some weak interactions are still persisting between the two loops.
• As we have mentioned repeatedly, chemical processes are mostly
nonlinear. So even if the decoupling is initially perfect, as the desired
operating conditions change, the decoupling deteriorates. One solution to
this problem is to use adaptive decouplers.
• Perfect or very good decoupling allows independent tuning of each
controller without risking the stability of the overall system.
• The decouplers are essentially feed forward control elements. Thus,
decoupler D1 measures the changes in m2 and takes action to cancel the
effect that m2 would have on y1 before it has been felt by y1.
Example
• Consider a process whose input – output relationships are given by

Form the two control loops by coupling y1 with m1 and y2 with m2.

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