Microprocessor and

Microcontroller
Microprocessor
•  Bit: A bit is a single binary digit.
•  Word: A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be processed by the arithmetic and
logic unit of the processor. A 16-bit binary number is called a word in a 16-bit processor.
•  Bus: A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry similar information.
•  System Bus: The system bus is a group of wires/lines used for communication between the
microprocessor and peripherals.
•  Memory Word: The number of bits that can be stored in a register or memory element is called a
memory word.
•  Address Bus: It carries the address, which is a unique binary pattern used to identify a memory
location or an I/O port. For example, an eight bit address bus has eight lines and thus it can address
28 = 256 different locations. The locations in hexadecimal format can be written as 00H – FFH.
•  Data Bus: The data bus is used to transfer data between memory and processor or between I/O
device and processor. For example, an 8-bit processor will generally have an 8-bit data bus and a 16-
bit processor will have 16-bit data bus.
•  Control Bus: The control bus carry control signals, which consists of signals for selection of memory
or I/O device from the given address, direction of data transfer and synchronization of data transfer
in case of slow devices
Classification of Microprocessors:
• Based on their specification, application and architecture
microprocessors are classified.
• Based on size of data bus:
•  4-bit microprocessor
•  8-bit microprocessor
•  16-bit microprocessor
•  32-bit microprocessor
Based on application:
•  General-purpose microprocessor- used in general computer system and can be
used
• by programmer for any application. Examples, 8085 to Intel Pentium.
•  Microcontroller- microprocessor with built-in memory and ports and can be
programmed for any generic control application. Example, 8051.
•  Special-purpose processors- designed to handle special functions required for
an application. Examples, digital signal processors and application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC) chips.
Based on architecture:
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors
•  Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors
8085 MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE
• The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor available as a 40-pin IC
package and uses +5
• V for power. It can run at a maximum frequency of 3 MHz. Its data bus
width is 8-bit and
• address bus width is 16-bit, thus it can address 216 = 64 KB of
memory
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• The ALU performs the actual numerical and logical operations such as
Addition (ADD),
• Subtraction (SUB), AND, OR etc. It uses data from memory and from
Accumulator to
• perform operations. The results of the arithmetic and logical
operations are stored in the
• accumulator.
Registers
• The 8085 includes six registers, one accumulator and one flag register, as
shown in Fig. 3.
• In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: stack pointer and program
counter. The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data;
these are identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. they can be combined as
register pairs - BC, DE and HL to perform some 16-bit operations.
• The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the
• register by using data copy instructions.
Accumulator
• The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of ALU. This register
is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical
operations.
• The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.
• The accumulator is also identified as register A.
Flag register
• The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an
operation according to data condition of the result in the accumulator
and other registers. They are called Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity
(P) and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags.
• Their bit positions in the flag register are shown in Fig. 4.
• The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions.
For example
• after an addition of two numbers, if the result in the accumulator is
larger than 8-bit, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry by setting CY flag
to 1. When an arithmetic operation results in zero, Z flag is set to 1.
The S flag is just a copy of the bit D7 of the accumulator. A negative
number has a 1 in bit D7 and a positive number has a 0 in 2’s
complement representation. The AC flag is set to 1, when a carry
result from bit D3 and passes to bit D4. The P flag is set to 1, when the
result in accumulator contains even number of 1s.