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Bec403 - Am

The document discusses the concepts of Time Domain and Frequency Domain in relation to AM (Amplitude Modulation) and SSB (Single Sideband) signals, providing examples of bandwidth calculations and power distribution. It explains the advantages of SSB over traditional AM, including reduced bandwidth and increased transmission efficiency. Additionally, it highlights the challenges in demodulating SSB signals and the importance of carrier regeneration for accurate signal recovery.

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prasadhosamath2004
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22 views23 pages

Bec403 - Am

The document discusses the concepts of Time Domain and Frequency Domain in relation to AM (Amplitude Modulation) and SSB (Single Sideband) signals, providing examples of bandwidth calculations and power distribution. It explains the advantages of SSB over traditional AM, including reduced bandwidth and increased transmission efficiency. Additionally, it highlights the challenges in demodulating SSB signals and the importance of carrier regeneration for accurate signal recovery.

Uploaded by

prasadhosamath2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Time Domain & Frequency Domain

Example
• if the carrier frequency is 2.8 MHz (2800 kHz), then the maximum and
minimum sideband frequencies, for a modulating frequency of 3kHz.
• areSolution
fUSB = 2800 + 3 = 2803 kHz
fLSB = 2800 - 3 = 2797 kHz
BW = fUSB - fLSB
BW = 2803 - 2797 = 06 kHz or
BW = 2(3 kHz) = 06 kHz
Example 3-2
• A standard AM broadcast station is allowed to transmit modulating
frequencies up to 5 kHz. If the AM station is transmitting on a frequency of
980 kHz, compute the maximum and minimum upper and lower sidebands
and the total bandwidth occupied by the AM station.
Solution
fUSB = 980 + 5 = 985 kHz
fLSB = 980 - 5 = 975 kHz
BW = fUSB - fLSB
BW = 985 - 975 = 10 kHz or
BW = 2(5 kHz) = 10 kHz
Freq spectrum of AM broadcast band
• As Example 3-2 indicates, an AM broadcast station has a total bandwidth of 10 kHz.
• In addition, AM broadcast stations are spaced every 10 kHz across the spectrum from 540
to 1600 kHz.
• This is illustrated in Fig. 3-10. The sidebands from the first AM broadcast frequency extend
down to 535 kHz and up to 545 kHz, forming a 10-kHz channel for the signal.
• The highest channel frequency is 1600 kHz, with sidebands. extending from 1595 up to
1605 kHz. There are a total of 107 10-kHz-wide channels for AM radio stations.
AM Power
• In radio transmission, the AM signal is amplified by a power amplifier and fed
to the antenna with a characteristic impedance that is ideally, but not
necessarily, almost pure resistance.
• The AM signal is really a composite of several signal voltages, namely, the
carrier and the two sidebands, and each of these signals produces power in
the antenna.
• The total transmitted power PT is simply the sum of the carrier power Pc and
the power in the two sidebands PUSB and PLSB

PT = PC + PLSB + PUSB
AM Power
• You can see how the power in an AM signal is distributed and calculated by
going back to the original AM equation:
VAM = Vcsin 2fct + (Vm/2)cos 2t(fc - fm) - (Vm/2)cos 2t(fc + fm)
•where the first term is the carrier,
•the second term is the lower sideband, and
•the third term is the upper sideband.
• For power calculations, rms values must be used for the voltages.
• We can convert from peak to rms by dividing the peak value by 2 (or)
multiplying by 0.707. The rms carrier and sideband voltages are then,
AM Power
• The power in the carrier and sidebands can be calculated by using the power
formula P = V2/R,
•where P is the output power,
•V is the rms output voltage, and
•R is the resistive part of the load impedance, which is usually an antenna.
• We just need to use the coefficients on the sine and cosine terms above in the
power formula:
AM Power
• Remembering that we can express the modulating signal Vm in terms of the
carrier Vc by using the expression given earlier for the modulation index
m = Vm /Vc
• we can write,
Vm = mVc
• If we express the sideband powers in terms of the carrier power, the total
power becomes
The
The
Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
• In AM, 2/3rd of the transmitted power is in the carrier, which itself conveys no
information.
• The real information is contained within the sidebands.
• To improve the efficiency of AM is to suppress the carrier and eliminate one
sideband.
• The result is a single-sideband (SSB) signal.
• SSB is a form of AM that offers unique benefits in some types of electronic
communication.
DSB Signals (Double Side Band)
• The 1st step for an SSB signal is to suppress the carrier, leaving LSB & USB.
• This type is referred to as a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSSC or DSB).
• The benefit, of course, is that no power is wasted on the carrier.
• DSSC Modulation is simply a special case of AM with no carrier.

Time Domain DSB Frequency Domain DSB


DSB Signals (Double Side Band)
• The algebraic sum of the two sinusoidal sidebands, is the signal produced
when a carrier is modulated by a single-tone sine wave information signal.
• The carrier is suppressed, and the time-domain DSB signal is a sine wave at the
carrier frequency, varying in amplitude as shown.
• Note that the envelope of this waveform is not the same as that of the
modulating signal, as it is in a pure AM signal with carrier.
• A unique characteristic of the DSB signal is the phase transitions that occur at
the lower-amplitude portions of the wave.
• In Fig., there are two adjacent positive-going half-cycles at the null points.
• That shows the signal shown is a true DSB signal.
DSB Signals (Double Side Band)
A frequency-domain DSB
• The spectrum occupied by a DSB signal is the same as AM signal.
• DSB suppressed carrier signals are generated by a balanced modulator circuit.
• It is to produce the sum and difference frequencies but to cancel or balance
out the carrier.
• The elimination of the carrier in DSB AM saves considerable power,
• DSB is not widely used because the signal is difficult to demodulate (recover).
• One important application for DSB, is the transmission of the color information
in a TV signal.
Single Side Band Signals (SSB )
• In DSB transmission, since the sidebands are the sum and difference of the
carrier and modulating signals,
• The information is contained in both sidebands.
• As it turns out, there is no reason to transmit both sidebands in order to
convey the information.
• One sideband can be suppressed;
• The remaining is a single- sideband suppressed carrier (SSSC or SSB) signal.
• SSB signals offer four major benefits.
Single Side Band Signals (SSB )
SSB signals offer four major benefits.
• it occupies only one-half Spectrum space.
• All the power can be channeled into the SSB, producing a stronger signal that
should carry farther and be more reliably received at greater distances.
• SSB transmitters can be made smaller and lighter than an equivalent AM or
DSB transmitter because less circuitry and power are used.
• SSB signals occupy a narrower BW, the amount of noise in the signal is less.
• There is less selective fading of an SSB signal over long distances.
SSB
The
Disadvantages of DSB and SSB
• They are harder to recover, or demodulate, at the receiver.
• If the carrier is not present, then it must be regenerated at the receiver and
reinserted into the signal.
• To faithfully recover the intelligence signal, the reinserted carrier must have
the same phase and frequency as those of the original carrier.
• This is a difficult requirement.
• When SSB is used for voice transmission, the reinserted carrier can be made
variable in frequency so that it can be adjusted manually while listening to
recover an intelligible signal.
• This is not possible with some kinds of data signals. (Pilot Carrier Signal is used)
Signal Power Considerations
• In conventional AM, the transmitted power is distributed among the carrier
and two sidebands.
• For example,
• Carrier Power = PC = 400 W with 100 percent modulation,
• Sideband Power = 100 W of power
• Total power transmitted will be 600 W.
• The effective transmission power is the combined power in the sidebands, or
200 W.

• An SSB transmitter sends no carrier, so the carrier power is zero, PC = 0.


• A given SSB transmitter will have the same communication effectiveness as a
conventional AM unit running much more power.
For example,
• A 10-W SSB transmitter offers the performance capabilities of an AM
transmitter running a total of 40 W, since they both show 10 W of power in
one sideband.
• The power advantage of SSB over AM is 4:1.
• In SSB, the transmitter output is expressed in terms of peak envelope power
(PEP), the maximum power produced on voice amplitude peaks.
P = (V2 /R) = (V2rms / R) Where, Vs = Amplifier Supply Voltage
PEP = Vs Imax Imax = Current Peak
SSB Examples
The
SSB Examples
The

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