CHAPTER 3:

PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS AND ISOMETRIC
DRAWING

MEC 132 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 1
LESSON OUTCOME
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Acquire knowledge about principle of Orthographic projection
2. Learn and differentiate between 1st angle and 3rd angle projection
3. Arrange the orthographic view and select suitable lines for drawing
4. Acquire knowledge about Isometric projection
5. Differentiate between an isometric drawing and an orthographic projection drawing
6. Develop 3D view of product using Isometric projection and iso-circle technique in
isometric projection
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction to principle of orthographic 3.2 Introduction to isometric drawing
projections •3.2.1 Selection of isometric axes
•3.1.1 First angle projection
•3.2.2 Isometric view by reference frame
•3.1.2 Third angle projection
•3.2.3 Products having inclined surfaces
•3.1.3 Practice in first and third angle projection with
solids and simple machine components of combined
and slopes
basic geometrical shapes
•3.2.4 Circular and irregular objects
•3.1.4 Arrangements of views and hidden lines
•3.2.5 Dimensioning in isometric view
•3.1.5 Dimensioning
•3.2.6 Sketching technique
•3.1.6 Drawing symbols and Abbreviation
INTRODUCTION TO
PRINCIPLE OF ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
Orthographic Projections is a technical drawing in which different views of an object are projected on
different reference planes observing perpendicular to respective reference plane.
Is a way of drawing an object from different directions 2-D representation of a 3-D object.

View all the important sides.

Are useful especially when a design has
been developed to a stage whereby it is
almost ready to manufacture.
TYPES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
When a horizontal plane and a vertical plane intersect, It is standard throughout
Europe and Asia (excluding
four quadrants are formed
Japan)
4th Quadrant 1st Angle in
1st Quadrant

2nd Quadrant
3 Angle in 3
rd rd

Quadrant
How About Second
Widely use in United
And Fourth
States,
Quadrant ???
UK & ISO Standard
PRINCIPLE VIEW OF
FIRST ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
• Object is placed in the first quadrant
• The planes are opaque (not transparent), and each view is pushed through the object onto the plane
furthest from it.
(for example an "actor on a stage".)

First quadrant First 1st Angle

PRINCIPLE VIEW OF 1st ANGLE PROJECTIONS
B Back Part

Right Side View B

Right A Using 1st Angle Projection, Draw
Hand

A C
Left
the Side View of Product based on
blue arrow

Hand
C
F
Front Part F
Left Side
View

The Blue Arrow is from Front Part/Front View, So just

move the body Front Part to the left to get Side View of
Product
PRINCIPLE VIEW OF
THIRD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
• Object is placed in the third quadrant
• The planes are transparent, and each view is pulled onto the plane closest to it
(for example a shark in a tank)

Third quadrant Third 3rd Angle

 Unfold this Glass Box

Another example of Third Angle Projection is a house in Glass Box

So that it lies in a
single plane

Thus the three views of the object are now

visible on the same plane in space
PRINCIPLE VIEW OF 3rd ANGLE PROJECTIONS
B Back Part

Right Side View B

Right A Using 3rd Angle Projection, Draw
Hand

A C
Left
the Side View of Product based on
blue arrow

Hand
C
F
Front Part F
Left Side
View

The Blue Arrow is from Front Part/Front View, So just

move the body Back Part to the left to get Side View of
Product
PRACTICE IN FIRST & THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
Activity with Students
ARRANGEMENT OF VIEW & SYMBOL OF
FIRST ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
The arrangement of view should be Or it can be like this

45o Look at the Block 45o

from blue Arrow

Symbol of the 1st Angle

ARRANGEMENT OF VIEW & SYMBOL OF
THIRD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
The arrangement of view should be Or it can be like this

45o 45o

Look at the Block

from Blue Arrow

Symbol of the 3rd Angle

HIDDEN DETAILS IN FIRST & THIRD ANGLE
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
HIDDEN DETAILS IN FIRST & THIRD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
Dimensionin
g
Dimensioning Components
•Extension lines
•Dimension lines
•Leader lines
•Dimension numbers
•Text & Notes : General Note
Local Note

All Dimensions are in

mm
Method of
Dimensioning
• Projection lines and dimension lines are full, thin lines.
• Dimensions should be placed outside the drawing
wherever practicable as shown in Figure below.
• Dimensions should be preferable be placed just above
dimension lines and in such a position as to be read
from the bottom or right-hand edges of the drawing
sheet.
• Dimensions should not be repeated on a drawing unless
there is a good reason for the repetition. It is important
that the points of arrow heads should touch the projection
or other limiting line.
• A centre line, or a line which is extension of a centre line,
should never be used as a dimension line.
• Arrowheads must be easily readable and normally not less than 3mm long. It is important
that the point should touch the projection or other limiting line.
Example of dimensioning method of an object :-
Example of dimensioning method of an object :-
Drawing Symbol & Abbreviation
ISOMETRIC
Isometric is a type of pictorial projection in which all three dimensions of an object are
shown in one view.
In this, an object is so placed that, its three mutually perpendicular edges are equally
inclined with the plane of projection. So all three dimensional axes appear at equal
inclinations with each other (120o). a

b c
When using isometric drawings, ensure that :
• All horizontal lines slope at 30˚ (In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to
convert true lengths into isometric lengths)
• All measurements remain the same (full size or to the same scale)
• Use box method or Isometric Planes for construction
• All cut shapes are removed from a rectangular block
4 A
Box Method or Isometric
Planes
Isometric scale ( Line AC )
required for Isometric 3 B D
Projection 120o
S
TH 2 C
G
N 4
LE E C 120o
RUE 120 o
T 1 3

2 THS
F H
NG
. LE
0
1 ISOM
30o 30o
0 300
450
M G N Base Line
A B
 T.V.

F.V. L.H.S.V. L.H

.S. .
V. F.V

T.V.

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 T.V

R.H.S.V F.V V
F.V
. S.
H
R.

T.V

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Inclined Surfaces & Slopes in Isometric
Circles & Irregular Objects in Isometric
• Draw the isometric of the square (whose sides are equal to the diameter of the circle).
• Erect perpendicular bisector to each side, using the 30¢ª x 60¢ª triangle. These
perpendiculars will intersect at four point which will be centers for the four circular arcs.
• Draw the two large areas with radius, R from the intersections of the perpendiculars in
the two closest corners of the parallelogram.
• Draw the two small arcs, with radius r from the intersections of the perpendiculars within
the parallelogram to complete the ellipse.
Four center ellipse

Isometric drawing of bearing

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 29
 34
60

25
L= 60 mm
H= 25 mm
D= 34 mm

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 40
FV

X O 10 Y

100
10
25

TV
10 30 10
25

30 R
O
20 D

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 FV
40

10
O
30 D 45

10
50
O

80

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Dimensioning in Isometric
• Isometric dimensions are similar to ordinary dimensions.
• Two methods of dimensioning
a) Pictorial plane (aligned) system and
b) Unidirectional system.
• The vertical guidelines for the letters should not be perpendicular to the dimension lines
(Picture C).
• Correct practice in isometric drawing using the aligned system of dimensioning is shown in
Picture a below.
• Incorrect practice is shown is figure 16.39b where the 3.125 dimension runs to a wrong extension line
at the right, and consequently the dimension does not lie in an isometric plane. Near the left side, a
number of lines cross one another unnecessarily and terminate on the wrong lines. The upper .5 drill
hole is located from the edge of the cylinder when it should be dimensioned from its center line.

• It is helpful to choose the placement of the dimension in the order in which a machinist would create
the part. This convention may take some experience to get right all of the time.
SKETCHING TECHNIQUE
is a formal process of visualizing 3D objects in preparation for drawing on paper or with CAD
is a quick way to communicate ideas with others
types of sketches
- The form of the sketch conforms approximately to one of four standard type of projection:
a) Multiview
b)Axonometric (Isometric)
c) Oblique
d)perspective
SKETCHING TIPS
◦The best pencil for lettering on most surfaces are the H, F, and HB grades.
◦Hold your pencil in the position approximately a 60o angle with the paper.
◦Relax and draw in a direction comfortable to you
◦Mark end points of the lines to be sketched and
draw between them
◦Draw long lines as a series of short ones
◦Follow sketching and text conventions
◦Do NOT use a straight edge to draw lines!
◦Sketching straight lines does not mean they have
to look like they are machine drawn.
SKETCHING FROM ACTUAL OBJECTS
 END OF
CHAPTER 3
MEC132: CHAPTER 3 38