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Numbers (Units 1-4)

The document provides an overview of key mathematical concepts for IGCSE Mathematics, including simplifying fractions, directed numbers, and percentages. It outlines rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of directed numbers, as well as methods for converting percentages to fractions and decimals. Additionally, it covers profit and loss calculations with examples to illustrate these concepts.

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asm.teacheralvin
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5 views22 pages

Numbers (Units 1-4)

The document provides an overview of key mathematical concepts for IGCSE Mathematics, including simplifying fractions, directed numbers, and percentages. It outlines rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of directed numbers, as well as methods for converting percentages to fractions and decimals. Additionally, it covers profit and loss calculations with examples to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

asm.teacheralvin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numbers

(Units 1–4)
IGCSE Mathematics Theory Lectures
Prepared by; Tr. Aung Set Min
What are Significant
Figures &

we
Simplifying Percentage Decimal
Fractions s Places

learning
in this Directed
Numbers
Standard
Form

Unit!!!
(positive
indices)
Simplifying
Fractions
Presented by; Tr. Aung Set Min
IGCSE Mathematics Teacher
 Fractions are added or subtracted from one another
directly only when they have common

Fractions
denominator.

 Find the lowest common multiple of the two


denominators to find the lowest common
denominator.
Example Evaluate:

1 a)
 The order of operation follows the BIDMAS rule:
o B – Brackets ( )

o I – Indices

TIP o D – Division

o M – Multiplication

o A – Addition

o S – Subtraction
 Multiplying fractions is much easier than adding or
subtracting them.

Fractions
 To multiply two fractions together, you simply multiply
the two numerators together to get the numerator of
[Continu the answer, and then multiply the denominators

ed] together to get the denominator of the answer.

 To divide a fraction a fraction by another fraction, you


simply turn the second fraction upside down to find
its reciprocal and then multiply them.
Evaluate:

Example
2
Directed
Numbers
Presented by; Tr. Aung Set Min
IGCSE Mathematics Teacher
Sign of numbers Method

1. Add the numbers while ignoring


Both numbers have the same
their signs.
signs.
2. Write the sum using their
common sign.
Directed (+a) + (+b) = +(a + b)
(-a) + (-b) = -(a + b)
e.g. (+3) + (+8) = +11 = 11

Numbers e.g. (-3) + (-8) = -(3 + 8) = -11

1. Subtract the numbers while

(Addition Both numbers have the


different signs.
ignoring their signs.
2. The answer has the same sign
) as the number having the larger
(+a) + (-b) = +(a - b), if a > b numerical value.
(+a) + (-b) = -(b - a), if b > a e.g. 12 + (-4) = 12 - 4 = 8
(-a) + (+b) = -(a - b), if a > b e.g. 5 + (-11) = -(11 – 5) = 6
(-a) + (+b) = +(b - a), if b > a e.g. -8 + 3 = -(8 - 3) = -5
e.g. -9 + 15 = 15 - 9 = 6
 To subtract integers, change the sign of the integer
being subtracted and add using the addition rules for

Directed integers.

Numbers a – b = a + (–b)

(Subtrac e.g. 8 – 15 = 8 + (-15) = - (15 – 8) = -7

tion) -11 – 7 = -11 + (-7) = -(11 + 7) = -18

-6 – (-10) = -6 + 10 = 10 – 6 = 4

3 – (-13) = 3 + 13 = 16
Multiplication Examples

(+a) × (+b) = +(a × b) 3 × 4 = 12


(-a) × (-b) = +(a × b) (-5) × (-6) = +(5 × 6) = 30
(+a) × (-b) = -(a × b) 8 × (-3) = -(8 × 3) = -24

Directed (-a) × (+b) = -(a × b) (-12) × 4 = -48

Numbers Rules for sign:

(Multiplic (+) × (+) = (+)


The product of two positive integers
is a positive integer.
ation) The product of two negative
(-) × (-) = (+)
integers is a positive integer.

(+) × (-) = (-) The product of a positive and


negative integer is a negative
(-) × (+) = (-) integer.
Multiplication Examples

(+a)  (+b) = +(a  b) 16  2 = 8


(-a)  (-b) = +(a  b) (-20)  (-5) = +(20  5) = 4

Directed (+a)  (-b) = -(a  b)


(-a)  (+b) = -(a  b)
36  (-4) = -(36  4) = -9
(-24)  8 = -(24 8) = -3

Numbers
(Division Rules for signs:

) (+)  (+) = (+)

(-)  (-) = (+)

(+)  (-) = (-)

(-)  (+) = (-)


Percentages
Presented by; Tr. Aung Set Min
IGCSE Mathematics Teacher
Percenta  Percentages are a convenient way of comparing
fractions (or) decimals by expressing them as parts
ges out of one hundred.
a) Convert 80% to a fraction.

Example
b) Convert to a percentage.

c) Convert 8% to a decimal.

d) Convert 135% to a decimal.


Percenta
ge  Percent increase (or decrease) is a ratio of the
amount of increase (or decrease) to the original
Increase amount.

or  To find the percent of increase (or decrease):

Decreas o Determine the amount of increase (or decrease).

o Divide this result by the given original amount.

e
Example A car costing $2400 is reduced in price by 10%.

1 Find the new price.


Example After a price increase of 10%, a television costs $286.

2 What was the price before the increase?


 The terms profit and loss, mean the amount of money
you either make or lose as a result of a financial
Profit transaction.

and Loss  Useful formulae:


Example A radio is bought for $16 and sold for $20.

1 What is the percentage profit?


Example A car is sold for $2280, at a loss of 5% on the cost
price.
2 Find the cost price.

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