EADERSHIP

Social psychology
Social psychology is about understanding
individual behavior in a social context.
“The scientific field that seeks to understand
the nature and causes of individual behavior in
social situations”
Social psychologists therefore deal with the
factors that lead us to behave in a given way in
the presence of others, and look at the
conditions under which certain
behavior/actions and feelings occur.
Social psychology is to do with the way these
feelings, thoughts, beliefs, intentions and
Leadership?
Leadership is “a process of social influence in which
one person can enlist the aid and support of others
in the accomplishment of a common task".
Leadership is "organizing a group of people to
achieve a common goal". The leader may or may
not have any formal authority.
Leader
A leader is a person who has a vision, a drive and a commitment to
achieve that vision, and the skills to make it happen.
While finding a new and unique idea is rare enough; the ability to
successfully execute this idea is what separates the dreamers from
leaders.

The Drive To See It Through:

It is not enough to just have a vision. Lots of people see
things that should be done, things that should be fixed,
great step forward that could be taken. What makes leaders
different is that they act. They take the steps to achieve their
vision.
Leadership begins with Self-
knowledge
Self-knowledge is the basis for character...

Character is the root of integrity...

Integrity provides the foundation for

leadership”.
(Lombardi, 2001)
Leadership is about:
1. Motivating
2. Inspiring
3. Taking people to greater heights
4. Working with participants on the how and helping
them figure out what and why
5. Encouraging them to push themselves to achieve
the highest possible performance
6. Action
7. Enabling, not telling
8. Talking the talk and walking the walk...walking
alongside
The Leadership Role
A good leader is a person who:
1. Is a good teacher
2. Doesn’t put down those they are working with
3. Gets the most from those they are working
with
4. Works within the framework of the rules
The Leadership Role (continued…)

1. Leadership style is the manner and approach of

providing direction, implementing plans, and
motivating people.
2. Positive Leaders use rewards (independence,
education) to motivate employees.
3. Negative Leaders use penalties with employees.
These leaders act domineering and superior
w/people. Negative penalties include: days off
without pay, reprimanding in front of others,
assigning unpleasant job tasks.
What are the three primary tasks of
a leader?
1. Set direction: mission, goals, vision

2. Build commitment: motivate & inspire

3. Confront challenges: innovation, deal with

change, turbulence, take risks
How people become leaders (Bass' Theory
of Leadership)
Bass' theory of leadership notes there are three
basic ways to explain how people become leaders:
1. A crisis or important event may cause a person
to rise to the occasion, which brings out
extraordinary leadership qualities in an
ordinary person.
2. Some personality traits may lead people
naturally into leadership roles.
3. People can choose to become leaders. People
can learn leadership skills. This is the
Transformational Theory. It is the most widely
accepted theory today and the premise on
which this guide is based.
Leadership styles
Leadership style is the manner and approach of
providing direction, implementing plans, and
motivating people.
Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to
identify different styles of leadership. This early
study has been very influential and established three
major leadership styles. The three major styles of
leadership are:
• Authoritarian or autocratic
• Participative or democratic
• Delegative or Free Reign
 1. Authoritarian (autocratic)
1. This style is used when leaders tell their
employees what they want done and how
they want it accomplished, without getting
the advice of their followers. Some of the
appropriate conditions to use it is when you
have all the information to solve the
problem, you are short on time, and your
employees are well motivated.
2. The authoritarian style should normally only
be used on rare occasions.
 2. Participative (democratic)
1. This style involves the leader including one or
more employees in the decision making process
(determining what to do and how to do it).
However, the leader maintains the final decision
making authority.
2. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather
it is a sign of strength that your employees will
respect.
3. This is normally used when leader has one part of
the information, and employees have other parts.
4. Leader is not expected to know everything — this
is why knowledgeable and skillful employees are
employed. Using this style is of mutual benefit —
it allows them to become part of the team and
allows you to make better decisions.
 3. Delegative (free reign)
1. In this style, the leader allows the
employees to make the decisions. However,
the leader is still responsible for the
decisions that are made. This is used when
employees are able to analyze the situation
and determine what needs to be done and
how to do it. You cannot do everything! You
must set priorities and delegate certain
tasks.
2. This is not a style to use so that you can
blame others when things go wrong, rather
this is a style to be used when you fully trust
and confidence in the people below you.
Leadership styles Group atmosphere Productivity
Liking for leader

Authoritarian Aggressive, High (leader present)

(autocratic) Liked less
dependent, Low (leader absent)
self-oriented

Friendly, Relatively high

Participative (unaffected by
Liked More Group-centered,
(democratic)
task-oriented presence and absence
of leader)
Friendly,
Delegative (free Low (Increased in
Liked less Group-centered,
reign) absence of leader)
play-oriented
Leadership theories
Early leadership theories focused on what
qualities distinguished between leaders and
followers, while subsequent theories looked at
other variables such as situational factors and
skill levels.
While many different leadership theories have
emerged, most can be classified as one of eight
major types.
 1. Trait Theory:
Trait theory assumes that people inherit
certain qualities and traits that make them
better suited to leadership.
1. Trait theory often identifies particular
personality or behavioral characteristics
shared by leaders.
2. If particular traits are key features of
leadership, then how do we explain
people who possess those qualities but
are not leaders? This question is one of
the difficulties in using trait theory to
explain leadership.
 2. Contingency Theory
Leaders are capable of changing their
habits and styles to benefit the situation.
Determine which particular style of
leadership is best suited for the situation.
1. According to this theory, no leadership
style is best in all situations.
2. Success depends upon a number of
variables, including the leadership style,
qualities of the followers and aspects of
the situation.
 3. Situational Theory
Leaders should adjust their behavior depending on
the followers and the situation while recognizing
the importance of leaders, followers, and the
situation.
1. Different styles of leadership may be more
appropriate for certain types of decision-
making. For example, in a situation where the
leader is the most knowledgeable and
experienced member of a group, an
authoritarian style might be most appropriate.
2. In other instances where group members are
skilled experts, a democratic style would be
more effective.
 4. Behavioral Theory
Behavioral theories of leadership are
based upon the belief that great
leaders are made, not born.
1. Rooted in behaviorism, this
leadership theory focuses on the
actions of leaders not on mental
qualities or internal states.
2. According to this theory, people can
learn to become leaders through
teaching and observation.
Leadership qualities
Leadership qualities associated with
exceptional leadership include such attributes
as:
1. Self Awareness: Self Awareness is having a clear
perception of your personality, including strengths,
weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and
emotions. Self Awareness allows you to understand
other people, how they perceive you, your attitude
and your responses to them in the moment.
2. Mission: Leaders know what their mission is. They
know why the organization exists. A superior
leader has a well thought out (often written)
mission describing the purpose of the organization.
That purpose need not be esoteric or abstract, but
rather descriptive, clear and understandable.
Leadership qualities (continued…)

3. Vision: Where do you want your

group/team/organization to go? A vision needs to
be abstract enough to encourage people to
imagine it but concrete enough for followers to
see it, understand it and be willing to climb
onboard to fulfill it.
4. Goal: How is the organization/team/group is going
to achieve its mission and vision and how will you
measure your progress? Like a vision, goals need
to be operational; that is specific and measurable.
If your output and results can't be readily
measured, then it will be difficult to know if you
have achieved your purpose. The leader may have
wasted important resources (time, money,
people, and equipment) pursuing a strategy or
plan without knowing if it truly succeeded.
Leadership qualities (continued…)
5. Communication skills: For leaders it is not
enough to just know what to say—but how to
say it in a way that persuades people to act.
a. Leadership communication skills help leaders
covey their principles and intelligence within all
of their business communications.
b. Developed leadership skills inspire other people
and help develop a sense of purpose
surrounding business goals.
c. Leadership communication skills often focus on
the recipient of your message.
d. Learning how to motivate and inspire action in
team members is an acquired skill.
e. Like any skill worth having, it requires an
investment of practice and coaching and the
dividends are valuable.
Leadership qualities (continued…)

6. Facilitating skills: Liaise with team-members and

arrive at the best possible solution. There could be
diverse ideas and perspectives for any single
agenda, but an effective leader will work towards
reaching a consensus.
a. It ensures that discussions take place in a
structured manner without losing sight of the
outcome.
b. Acts as an icebreaker by engaging followers and
keeping up the momentum.
7. Mentoring skills: It involves providing constructive
guidance wisely as and when required. This helps
followers in recovering from any glitch or stumbling
block.
a. It gives the chance to know the other person well.
b. It gives a fair idea where to draw the line.
Leadership qualities (continued…)

8. Influence and Motivation skills: It is a

conglomeration of both communication skills
and leadership skills. While, through good
communication one can influence and persuade
others, through leadership skills one can
demonstrate his/her motivational skills which
boost the spirits of the followers. Motivational
skills instill confidence in the mind of the
follower. It helps inspire the followers, instead
of commanding them.
9. Decision making skills: A leader has to make
countless decisions. A wrong decision may
prove costly while a right decision at a crucial
time may bring favorable results. Tackle issues
as and when required without conflict. Steer
the dynamics of the team “to the next level”.
 Leadership qualities (continued…)
10.Planning: Planning involves taking certain strategic
decision about the future. Planning includes the list of
activities and the contingency plan that needs to be
carried forward.
a. Proper planning is like choosing the right track to
get onto.
b. With the correct direction in mind, you can move
towards the fulfillment of the goal.
c. It also makes a leader organize his/her agenda by
arranging “first things first”.
11.Integrity: A leader builds trust and this fosters
collaboration and facilitates sharing of information. In this
way, he creates a solid team who supports each other’s
views.
a. Integrity means honesty, fairness and creating good
relationships.
b. It is about personal values that cannot be
compromised.
Leadership qualities (continued…)

12.Team work: It involves co-operating with fellow

members while nurturing their aspirations.
Through team work, a leader develops a sense
of collaboration while working with his peers
and subordinates.
a. It teaches the art of delegating work
among fellow members.
b. Derive the support of others by
emphasizing their good qualities.
13.Stress management: A leader manages stress
effectively.
a. It teaches a leader to develop the ability
to bounce back from setbacks without
dwelling on negative thoughts.
b. It also develops the habit of being patient
Managers vs. Leaders
Managers Leaders
1. Focus on 1. Focus on people
things 2. Do the right
2. Do things right things
3. Plan 3. Inspire
4. Organize 4. Influence
5. Direct 5. Motivate
6. Control 6. Build
7. Follows the 7. Shape entities
rules