TOPIC 6:

INSTRUCTION
SETS
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
CHARACTERISTICS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 Instruction sets
• What is an instruction set
• It is a collection of machine level commands that a CPU
can understand and execute
• Defines operation ,data types ,registers ,addressing modes
and architectural features
• Fundamental for software development enabling
programmers to control hardware
 RISCs DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• What is a RISC? REDUCED INSTRUCTION SETS
COMPUTING is a computer instruction set architecture
design philosophy that emphasizes
simplicity ,efficiency ,and high performance
SIMPLICITY
 SIMPLICITY
-RISC instruction sets has fewer instructions (typically 100-
300)reducing complexity .this simplicity includes
• Faster execution
• Improved pipeline
• Simplified CPU design
• Enhanced scalability
 ORTHOGONALITY
• -RISC use consistent syntax ,making them
• Easy to decode
• Simple to implement
• Efficient in execution
 REGULARITY
• It has predictable behavior ensuring
• consistent execution time
• Simplified pipelining
• Improved code optimization
 Efficiency
• RISC MINIMIZES MEMORY ACCESS AND EXECUTION
TIME
• Load /store architecture separates memory access
• Reduced number of instruction reduces execution time
• Efficient use of registers minimizes memory access
 Pipeline
• It facilitates pipeline enabling
• Concurrent instruction execution
• Improved instruction –level parallelism
• Increased throughput
•
 CISC DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• WHAT IS CISC? Complex instruction set computing focus
on maximizing performance by incorporating complex
instruction and microcode
 Design goals are
• High performance
• Code density optimization
• Reduced execution time
• Improved productivity
• Compatibility with existing software
Design principles
 Characteristics of risc

• Fixed-length instruction
• Simple instruction format
• Few instruction type(arithmetic ,logical,load,\store)
• No complex instruction
• Register based architecture
 CICS
• LARGE number of instruction often 1000
• Complex ,variable –length instruction
• Microcode implementation
• Multiple addressing modes
• Emphasis on hardware –based optimization
 Conclusion
• Both risc and cisc have distant characteristics and philosophies that
shape their architecture and performance profiles .Risc emphasizes
on simplicity ,speed, and efficiency thru a reduced instruction set
and increased use of registers .In contrast ,cisc focuses on providing
a rich and flexible instruction set that can perform more complex
tasks in fewer steps but can incur penalities in terms of
performance and complexity .Scholarly reseach highlights these
differences and the contexts in which each approach can be
advantageous ,helping to inform both historical developments and
contemporary discussions in computer architecture
 RISC

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• FASTER execution time • David Patterson (2019) states that RISC
Achitercture face challenges in achieving high
• Improved instruction –level parallelism code density and instruction level parallelism
• Enhanced pipeline efficiency • (Robert Sedgewick 2013 )states that
• Increased clock speed achitectures struggles to support complex
operations efficiently
• Better multiple –threading support
• RISC design are vulnerable to side channel
• Improved security
• Market demand of risc –based system is limited
• Enhanced modularity
• Register pressure and compiler optimization
• Improved adaptability to emerging challenges limit risc performance
technologies
 cisc

advantages Disadvantages
• Improved code density • Difficulty to design,verify and test
• Enhanced performance • Complex instructions consume more
power
• Better compatibility
• Difficult to adapt to new technologies
• Increased productivity
• Complex instruction hinder pipelining
• Reduced memory access
• Higher production costs
• Improved multitasking • Difficult to modify or upgrade
• Enhanced security
Difference between cisc and risc

cisc risc
• Complex instruction • Simple instruction
• Variable length instructions • Fixed length instructions
• Microcode implementation • No microcode
• Emphasis on hardware based • Few addressing modes
optimization • Emphasis on software based
• Focus on high level language optimization
support • Focus on compiler