Lesson 12

Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things
Lightbulbs, along with
refrigerators, coffee makers,
microwave ovens, baby
monitors, security cameras,
speakers, televisions, and
thermostats have, in the past
few decades, transformed from
ordinary objects into conduits
for the future. Embedded with
sensors that see, hear, and
touch the world around them,
they can turn physical
information into digital data.
Collectively, these devices—
Internet of Things
The real promise of the internet of things is making our
physical surroundings accessible to our digital
computers, putting sensors on everything in the world and
translating it into a digital format.

Internet-connected objects could be the key to unlocking

predictions about everything from consumer behavior to
climate events, but those same objects could invite hackers
into personal spaces and leak intimate data.
How IoT works
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that
use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and
communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data
they acquire from their environments.

IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting

to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either
sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.

Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related

devices and act on the information they get from one another.
The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices -- for instance,
to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
Why IoT is important?
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as
well as gain complete control over their lives.

IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their

systems really work, delivering insights into everything from
the performance of
machines to supply chain and logistics operations.

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce

labor costs. It also cuts down on waste and improves service
delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver
goods, as well as offering transparency into customer
transactions.
How Does This Impact You?
The new rule for the future is going to be, "Anything that can
be connected, will be connected.

For example you are on your way to a meeting; your car could
have access to your calendar and already know the best route
to take. If the traffic is heavy your car might send a text to the
other party notifying them that you will
be late. What if your alarm clock wakes up you at 6 a.m. and
then notifies your coffee maker to start brewing coffee for
you? What if your office equipment knew when it was running
low on supplies and automatically re-ordered more? What if
the wearable device you used in the workplace could tell you
when and where you were most active and productive and
shared that information with other devices that you used while
How Does This Impact You?
IoT can be applied to things like transportation networks:

"smart cities" which can help us reduce waste and improve

efficiency for things such as energy use; this helping us
understand and improve how we work and live.

The reality is that the IoT allows for virtually endless

opportunities and connections to take place, many of which
we can't even think of or fully understand the impact of today.
IoT Through the Years
1990
John Romkey creates the first IoT device: a toaster that he
controls with his
computer

1999
Kevin Ashton coins the term “internet of things” to describe
the eyes and ears of a computer

2000
LG introduces its first connected refrigerator with a $20,000
pricetag

2008
IoT Through the Years
1990
John Romkey creates the first IoT device: a toaster that he
controls with his
computer

1999
Kevin Ashton coins the term “internet of things” to describe
the eyes and ears of a computer

2000
LG introduces its first connected refrigerator with a $20,000
pricetag

2008
IoT Through the Years
2010
Tony Fadell founds Nest, maker of the smart thermostat

2013
Oxford Dictionary adds the term “internet of things”

2014
Amazon introduces the Echo speaker, along with the Alexa
voice assistant—a
new way to control the smart home.
IoT Through the Years
2016
The Mirai botnet infects over 600,000 IoT devices with
malware

2020
The number of internet-connected devices, by some
estimates, exceeds 20
billion
IoT Through the Years
The first internet-connected “thing” to make use of this new
protocol was a toaster. John Romkey, a software engineer and
early internet evangelist, had built one for the 1990 show floor
of Interop, a trade show for computers. Romkey dropped a few
slices of bread into the toaster and, using a clunky computer,
turned the toaster on.
IoT Through the Years
The term “internet of things” itself was coined in 1999, when
Kevin Ashton put it in a PowerPoint presentation for Procter &
Gamble. Ashton, who was then working in supply chain
optimization, described a system where sensors acted like the
eyes and ears of a computer—an entirely new way for
computers to see, hear, touch, and interpret their
surroundings.
IoT Through the Years
LG’s internet-connected refrigerator, hit the market in 2000. It
could take stock of shelf contents, mind expiration dates.

Then MP3 player came and it also cost $20,000.

The invention of smart plugs, like those made by Belkin,

meant that even ordinary objects could become “smart”—or,
at least, you could turn them on and off with your phone.

In 2014, Amazon introduced the Echo, a speaker with a helpful

voice assistant named Alexa built in.
IoT Through the Years
David Evans, the former chief futurist at Cisco, estimated in
2015 that “an average 127 new things are connected to the
internet” every second.

Today, there are over 20 billion connected things in the world,

according to estimates from Gartner. The excitement around
the brave new internet- connected world has been matched
with concern. All of these objects, brought to life like
Pinocchio, have made the world easier to control: You can let
the delivery man in the front door, or change the temperature
inside the house, all with a few taps on a smartphone.
IoT benefits to organizations
Some of the common benefits of IoT enable businesses to:

• monitor their overall business processes;

• improve the customer experience;
• save time and money;
• enhance employee productivity;
• integrate and adapt business models;
• make better business decisions; and
• generate more revenue.
IoT benefits to organizations
IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and
utility organizations, making use of sensors and other IoT
devices;

IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job

easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall, humidity,
temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that
would help automate farming techniques.

The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is

also a factor that IoT can help with.
IoT benefits to organizations
Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or
changes within structural buildings, bridges and other
infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such as cost saving,
saved time, quality-of-life workflow changes and paperless
workflow.

A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and

manipulate mechanical and electrical systems in a building.
On a broader scale, smart cities can help citizens reduce
waste and energy consumption.
Pros and Cons of IoT
Advantages of IoT

• ability to access information from anywhere at any time on

any device;
• improved communication between connected electronic
devices;
• transferring data packets over a connected network saving
time and money; and
• automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a
business's services and
reducing the need for human intervention.
Consumer and Enterprise IoT
applications
In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are
equipped with smart thermostats, smart appliances and
connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be
controlled remotely via computers and smartphones.

Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and

analyze user data, sending messages to other technologies
about the users with the aim of making users’ lives easier and
more comfortably.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to

monitor patients more closely using an analysis of the data
that's generated. Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete
tasks such as inventory management for both
Consumer and Enterprise IoT
applications
Smart buildings can, for instance reduce energy costs using
sensor that detect how many occupants are in a room. The
temperature can adjust automatically -- for example, turning
the air conditioner on if sensors detect a conference room is
full or turning the heat down if everyone in the office has gone
home.

In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help

monitor, for instance, light, temperature, humidity and soil
moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is also
instrumental in automating irrigation systems.

In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart

streetlights and smart meters, can help alleviate traffic,
IoT Security and Privacy Issues
Risk of bricking aside, connecting things to the internet also
leaves those objects, and everything else on your Wi-Fi
network, more vulnerable to hackers.

Laura DeNardis, in her recent book The Internet in Everything,

has called this threat to cybersecurity the greatest human
rights issue of our time. The risk isn’t just that some prankster
breaks into your smart washing machine and upsets the spin
cycle, or that your Nest camera gets hijacked with a message
to subscribe to PewDiePie’s YouTube channel.
IoT Security and Privacy Issues
A hacked smart lock means someone can open your front
door. Hack into enough smart water heaters and you can send
a city into a massive blackout.

Device manufacturers have not always designed their

products with security as a priority. In 2016, malware called
Mirai exploited these kinds of vulnerabilities in over 600,000
IoT devices to create a massive distributed denial of service
(DDoS) attack.

An attack called Krack infected nearly every internet-

connected device connected to Wi-Fi. The attack was crippling
and difficult to defend against, in part because the internet of
things runs on so many disparate operating systems.
IoT Security and Privacy Issues
In a recent study, researchers found that 72 of the 81 IoT
devices they surveyed had shared data with a third party
unrelated to the original manufacturer. That means the finer
details of your personal life—as depicted by your smart
toothbrush, your smart TV, or your smart speaker— can be
repackaged and sold to someone else.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to

do is exploit one vulnerability to manipulate all the data,
rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their
devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to
cybercriminals.

Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their

IoT Security and Privacy Issues
Companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices
could use those devices to obtain and sell users' personal
data. Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical
infrastructure, including electricity, transportation and
financial services.
The Future of the Internet of Things
One day, the internet of things will become the internet of
everything.

The objects in our world might sense and react to us

individually all the time, so that a smart thermostat
automatically adjusts based on your body temperature or the
house automatically locks itself when you get into bed.

Your clothes might come with connected sensors, too, so that

the things around you can respond to your movements in real
time.
The Future of the Internet of Things
There will be smart offices, smart buildings, smart cities.

Smart hospital rooms will have sensors to ensure that doctors

wash their hands, and airborne sensors will help cities predict
mudslides and other natural disasters.

Autonomous vehicles will connect to the internet and drive

along roads studded with sensors, and governments will
manage the demands on their energy grids by tracking
household energy consumption through the internet of things.
The Future of the Internet of Things
If we’re going to get there—whether we like “there” or not—
we’re going to need faster internet. (Enter: 5G.) We’ll also
need to keep all those devices from mucking up the airwaves,
and we’ll need to find a better way to secure the data that’s
transmitted across those airwaves. Recently, the Swiss
cryptography firm Teserakt introduced an idea for a
cryptographic implant for IoT devices, which would protect the
data that streams from these devices.
The Future of the Internet of Things
If we’re going to get there—whether we like “there” or not—
we’re going to need faster internet. (Enter: 5G.) We’ll also
need to keep all those devices from mucking up the airwaves,
and we’ll need to find a better way to secure the data that’s
transmitted across those airwaves. Recently, the Swiss
cryptography firm Teserakt introduced an idea for a
cryptographic implant for IoT devices, which would protect the
data that streams from these devices.
THANK YOU.
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