Lesson #2

Types of Formats

Lesson Plan:
1. General information about formatting

2. APA

3. MLA

4. Chicago

5. Harvard

6. Practical Exercise

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 General Information about Formats

APA is an author/date MLA (Modern lang.

association) is used to
based style. Mostly cite sources in arts
used in social sciences and humanities.

Chicago and Turabian.

Harvard is mostly Very alike styles like
used in UK and Format types Harvard and APA.
Australia. Also used This two used in
for humanities studies economics studies

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 APA
APA (American Psychological Association) is an author/date based style, where emphasis is placed on the author
and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it. APA is most commonly used to cite sources within the social
sciences.

General
Guidelines

Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page.
To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right.

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 Peculiarities of the format:

Writing works in social sciences (Sociology, Psychology, Social Works)

Sources should be listed in the reference page at the end of the paper

Do not forget to insert year of publish when citing a book in a

paper

Do not forget to insert author's last name when citing

along with the year of publish

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 Title Page:

APA formatted papers use page

headers at the top of every page,
including the title page numbers
are flush right and the title of the
paper is flush left. The title page
includes the title, author's name
and institutional affilation.

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 Abstract:
● Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above).
● On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or
quotation marks).
● Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.)
● Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results,
data analysis, and conclusions.
● ou may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your
findings.
● Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250
words.

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 Reference Page:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:

Citing a book Capital letter also for subtitle. Location:
Publisher.Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991).

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of

publication). Title of article. Title of Online
Citing an online source
Periodical, volume number (issue number if
available).

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 MLA
General Guidelines

MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.
MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their
essays and Works Cited pages.
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Double-space the text of
your paper, and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman).
Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are
recognizable one from another. The font size should be 12 pt.

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Work cited is first name then Typically used in Arts, English,
last name (Thomas Cook) Theatre Studies etc;

Peculiarities of the format

When info is cited and author`s name

When info is cited and author's
is not listed, place the author`s last
name is listed in the sentence;
name and the page number at the
place the page number
end.

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 In upper left-hand corner of the first page,list your name, your
instructor's name, the course and the date. Double spacing
Title page:

Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or
MLA format does not place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case
have title page unlike the (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
APA, but u need to pay
attention to instructions to
the format Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just
as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/ Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
owl/resource/747/01/

Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name,
followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with
Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the
right margin.

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 Reference page:
In an MLA- formatted paper, the entries are listed alphabetically by title, and three hyphens are used in place of the author's name
after the first entry. In an MLA-formatted works cited page, the second line and subsequent lines for each source are indented five
spaces. An APA source is indented one-half inch from the margin after the first lane.

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. City

Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

When citing a book
Medium of Publication.

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science.New

York: Penguin, 1987. Print

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available).

Name of Site. Version number. Name of
Citing an online source institution/organization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if
available). Medium of publication. Date of access.
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 Chicago (CMS)
General information:
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to
grammar, usage, and documentation and has been lovingly called the “editors’ bible.”

Peculiarities of the format:

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication
information.
Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation
marks.
In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

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 Title Page:

There is no page number on the title page.

The title should be centered a third of the way down the page. Divide your page into three parts and type in the

title below the upper one-third of the paper.

The title should be in CAPS.

If there is a subtitle, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title. Subtitle

should also be in CAPS.

Type in the student’s name, class information and the date of the paper below the middle one-third of the paper.
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Do not include any other information unless it is required by the customer.
 Footnotes:
Footnotes are one feature that differ Chicago from the rest of
formats. Let’s take a look at some essential rules of footnoting in
Chicago:

You should include a footnote each time you use a source, no matter whether you quote the author directly or just paraphrase.

Footnotes should be added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes are to be listed at the end of each

chapter or at the end of the entire document.

Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer and should be placed after any punctuation

mark except the dash.

Note numbers should begin with “1” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper, article, or chapter.

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 Harvard

General
guidelines

Where APA is primarily used in the USA, Harvard referencing is the most well used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and is

encouraged for use with the humanities. We recommend our writers to settle it with the customers, which manual for Harvard

referencing should be used in each specific case.

While the common US formats like APA, MLA and Chicago are easily accessible at the Purdue OWL website and other reliable

resources, we urge you to prompt the customers to provide you with the Harvard manuals they wish to be used.

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 Peculiarities of the
format

Like APA, Harvard presupposes using author

name/date system when citing books, articles and
other documents

Margins should be 1`; Font times New

Roman 12pt;double spaced

The header contains a short description of the title with the

sequential page number and is placed flush left on each
page.

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 Title Page

Harvard formatting unlike APA requires very specific title page.

Header must contain a short description of the title and sequential page number.

The header is placed to the right. Between the partial title and the number in five spaces.

Title of the paper should be in CAPS letters and in the middle of the page

Three lines down is the student's name not in capital letters

Four lines down is the name of the course, and, on the line after that, the name of the professor. Next line is the name of the university

(school), then the city and state where it is located (for the USA), and, finally the date.

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 First Page:

Header of the first page should contain page number 2

Like in APA , title page should begin with the title of the page

Title should be centered, not bolded and no italicized

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 In text citation

One Author Kent (2014) wrote that... (Kent 2014) Kent, JK 2014,...

Two-Three Authors Kent, Bradly and James (Kent, Bradly & James Kent, JK, Bradly, MK &
(2014) 2014) James, WK 2014,...

More than three authors Kent et al. (2014) (Kent et al. 2014) Kent, JK, Bradly, MK,
Smith, JT, Cooper, L.M.
& James, WK 2014,

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 Reference Page

The list of the sources should appear at the

end of the paper

It should begin on a new page separated of the

main text

The words ‘References’ or ‘Reference List’

should be centered at the top of the page

All lines after the first one of each entry

should be indented one half inch from the last
margin

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 Reference page

Inverted author's name (last name first)

Titles of books are in italics

Articles and chapters are not italicized

Sentence case used for all the articles except

journals and web-sites

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Thank you for your attention

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