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Module 1

The document provides an overview of wireless communication, including its history, technologies, and limitations. It discusses various aspects such as wireless media, digital communication systems, channel specifications, and types of wireless communication systems. Additionally, it covers concepts like bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, and modulation techniques used in wireless communication.

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rathodnayana198
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5 views

Module 1

The document provides an overview of wireless communication, including its history, technologies, and limitations. It discusses various aspects such as wireless media, digital communication systems, channel specifications, and types of wireless communication systems. Additionally, it covers concepts like bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, and modulation techniques used in wireless communication.

Uploaded by

rathodnayana198
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Communication and

Future Trends

21ET751
Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering
CONTENTS:
• Introduction
• Wireless communication system
• Wireless Media
• Frequency Spectrum
• Technologies in Digital Wireless Communication
• Wireless communication channel specifications
• Types of Wireless Communication Systems
WIRELESS MEDIA
“Wireless” means transmitting signals over
invisible radio waves instead of wires.
• WIRELESS & RADIO
Radio waves are extensively used in wireless
communication system.
A radio may be defined as:
A method of communicating over a distance by
modulating electromagnetic waves using an
intelligence bearing signal and radiating these
modulated waves
• frequency bands - between 10kHz and 3000
GHz.
1867: Maxwell predicated existence of electromagnetic waves.

1887: Hertz proved existence of EM waves

1896: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless telegraph to English telegraph


office.

1897: “Birth of Radio”- Marconi started wireless telegraph.

1898: Wireless telegraphic connection between England and France.

1901: Marconi successfully transmitted radio signals across Atlantic Ocean from
Cornwall to Newfoundland.

1902: First bidirectional communication across Atlantic.

1909: Marconi was awarded Noble prize for physics.


• Digital systems are analyzed based on data rate and bit error probability
as performance factor.

• Data rate is limited by signal power, noise power, distortion and bit error
probability.

• Bit error probability is defined as the ratio of number of bits, elements,


characters or blocks incorrectly received to the total number of bits,
elements, characters, or blocks sent during a specified time interval.

• Ex: 10 bits are altered when 10,000 bits are transmitted; the bit error
probability is now
• 10/10000=10 -3

• Bandwidth of a channel is defined as the maximum number of bits


transmitted in a second. (Bits per second or bps) where as analog
systems bandwidth is defined in terms of hertz (Hz).
• Shannon capacity defines maximum possible
data rate for systems with noise and
distortion. In noisy channel, data rate C is
defined as
C=B log2(1+S/N) bps
• Where B is bandwidth in Hz and S/N is the
signal to noise ratio.
1. In a communication channel, the channel bandwidth is
3.4 kHz and output S/N power ratio is 20dB. Calculate the
channel capacity.
Sol: Given, channel bandwidth B=3.4 kHz. Therefore
10log10S/N=20 dB
log10S/N=2
S/N=102=100

C=Blog2 (1+S/N)
=3.4*103 log2(1+100)
=3.4*103(6.66)
C=22.644 bps.
• 2. Calculate the minimum SNR required to support
information transmission through the telephone channel
of bandwidth 3.4 kHz at the data rate of 4800 bps.
Sol: Given channel data rate, C=4800 bps, B=3.4 kHz.
Therefore channel capacity,
C=Blog2 (1+S/N)
4800=3.4*103 log2(1+S/N)
1.411=log2 (1+S/N)
1+S/N=2.659
S/N=1.659
(S/N) (dB) = 10log101.659=2.2dB
(S/N)=2.2 dB
In a communication channel, the bandwidth is 10 MHz and SNR is 100.
(a) Determine the channel capacity.
(b) If SNR drops to 10, how much bandwidth is needed to achieve the
same channel capacity as in (a).
Sol: Given, channel bandwidth = 10MHz. Therefore S/N=100
Channel capacity is given by
C= Blog2 (1+S/N)
= 10*106log2(1+100)
= 66.6 Mbps
If the SNR drops to 10, that is S/N=10, the bandwidth is
B=C/log2(1+S/N)
B=C/log2(1+10)
B = (66.6*106 ) / 3.47
B=19.19 MHz
WIRLESS COMMUNICATON LIMITATIONS

1. BANDWIDTH
2. FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
3. POWER
VOICE OVER RADIO

In the early 20th century, there were several


experiments transmitting the voice data over the
radio. Some of the are as follows:
1914: First voice over radio transmission.
1920: Mobile receivers installed in police cars in
Detroit, US.
1930: Mobile transmitters developed
1935: Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by
Armstrong.
• Modulation is the process of modulating high
frequency carrier in accordance with the
signal to be transmitter
• WIRELESS AND INFRARED
• Infrared (IR) is basically invisible light. IR networking works by
communicating using IR light pulses.
• IR systems use very high frequencies, just below the visible light in the
electromagnetic spectrum, to carry data.
• Frequency range 700Ghz to 430Thz
• IR waves are longer than visible light waves and shorter than radio
waves.
• They can’t pass through walls or ceilings, but can bounce off flat
surfaces and pass through open doorways.
• IR networking allows for wireless, Line of Sight (LOS) connection
between computers, PDA’s and anything else equipped with an IR port.
• IR devices use IR light and they depend on being in direct LOS with
each other. IR’s invisible beam of light carries a stream of digital 0’s and
1’s to convey instructions.
• Advantages of IR wireless communication are as follows:
1. Simple to implement.
2. Low power consumption.
3. Immune to interference from traditional sources such as RF.
4. Signals cannot be jammed.
5. IR frequencies are free and available to anyone who wants to
use them.
6. One time cost of equipment and installation.

• Disadvantages are as follows:


1. Cannot penetrate through walls or the other solid objects.
2. Usually requires direct line of sight.
3. Range is typically 3 ft (Directed).
Technologies in Digital Wireless communication
I. SOURCE CODING:
Source coding deals with the time and amplitude discretization of
the analog source signal. Typical analog source signals in
communication systems are speech and image signals. Thus, source
coding technique can be classified into 2 types.
(a) Speech coding.
(b) Image coding.

II. CHANNEL CODING:


The output of the transmitter encoder is further digitally processed
and encoded for the error control during the transmission through
the communication channel. This process is called channel coding.
The following are examples of commonly used error detection and
error correction techniques: cyclic redundancy check (CRC), block
coding, and interleaving.
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
• (i) The signal is sampled, quantised, and
digitally encoded.
• (ii) It needs the sampling frequency, fs, to be
greater than the Nyquist frequency (Which is
twice the maximum frequency of the signal).
• (iii) For ‘n’ bits per sample, the dynamic range
is ± 2n-1
• (iv) Total bit rate is n * fs.
Wireless Communication Channel Specification
1.Duplexing methods.
2. Multiple access methods.

Duplexing Methods
There are two main types of duplexing methods:

(a) Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)


(b) Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

FDD

TDD
There are three main types of multiple access
methods:

(a)Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)


(b)Time division multiple access (TDMA)
(c)Code division multiple access (CDMA)
TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Traditional Communication System
• Paging System
• FM Mobile
• AM Aircraft Communications
• Personal Communications Systems (PCS)
• Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
Cellular Communation System
• 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.......

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