Aerodynamic

Part 3
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PC3.7 Identify the auxiliary (Secondary) lift augmenting device types and explain their purpose

Flaps: Extendable surfaces on the wing’s trailing edge that increase lift and drag during takeoff and landing. They help
the aircraft to fly at slower speeds and improve performance during these phases.

Initiation phase

Fowler Flaps: A type of flap that slides backward and downward, increasing both the wing’s chord and camber,
providing more lift and allowing for better control during low-speed flight.

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Leading Edge Devices: These include slats and slots that modify airflow over the wing’s leading edge to improve lift
and delay stall. They allow the wing to handle higher angles of attack.
Slats: Moveable surfaces on the wing’s leading edge that help to improve airflow over the wing, increasing lift at
higher angles of attack and delaying stall.

Initiation phase
Slot: An opening or gap on the wing’s leading edge that allows air to flow smoothly over the wing, improving lift and
control at slow speeds.

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PC3.8 Identify the auxiliary (Secondary) decreasing device types and explain their purpose.
Spoilers: Devices on the wing’s upper surface that can be raised to disrupt airflow and increase drag. They help
reduce lift and drag during descent and landing and improve handling during these phases.

Initiation phase
Air Brakes: Panels or surfaces that extend outward to increase drag and reduce speed. They are used to slow the
aircraft down quickly, especially during landing.

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Speed Brakes: Similar to air brakes, these devices are used to increase drag and reduce speed without altering the
aircraft’s attitude significantly. They help manage speed and descent rate.

Initiation phase

Lift Dumpers: Devices that reduce lift and increase drag by altering the wing's airflow, typically used during landing
to help the aircraft decelerate more effectively.

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PC4.1 Explain the need to study High-Speed Aerodynamics.

Performance Optimization: It helps in designing and optimizing aircraft that can operate efficiently at high speeds,
improving fuel efficiency and overall performance.

Safety: Understanding high-speed airflow helps prevent problems like shock waves and instability that can occur at
supersonic and hypersonic speeds, ensuring safer flight operations.

Technological Advancement: It drives the development of advanced technologies and materials needed for high-speed
aircraft andInitiation phasecontributing to innovation in aviation and space exploration.
spacecraft,

Design and Engineering: It informs the design of aerodynamic shapes and structures that can withstand the forces and
pressures encountered at high speeds, enhancing the durability and effectiveness of high-speed vehicles.

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PC4.2 State the meaning of the Mach number and define the aircraft's four-speed regimes.
Mach Number: The Mach number is a dimensionless ratio that compares the speed of an aircraft to the speed of
sound in the surrounding air. For example, Mach 1 means the aircraft is traveling at the speed of sound.

Aircraft’s Four-Speed Regimes:

Subsonic: Speeds below Mach 1, where the aircraft’s speed is less than the speed of sound. The airflow around
the aircraft is typically smooth and predictable.
Initiation phase
Transonic: Speeds around Mach 1, where the aircraft is approaching the speed of sound. This regime involves
complex airflow with both subsonic and supersonic regions, leading to increased drag and potential shock
waves.

Supersonic: Speeds between Mach 1 and Mach 5, where the aircraft travels faster than the speed of sound. The
airflow around the aircraft is predominantly supersonic, and shock waves become significant.

Hypersonic: Speeds above Mach 5, where the aircraft is traveling at extremely high speeds. This regime involves
very high temperatures and pressures, requiring special materials and designs to handle the extreme
conditions.

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PC4.3 Describe the nature of subsonic airflow, including its speed range and air density.

Subsonic Airflow:

 Speed Range: Occurs when the aircraft’s speed is less than Mach 1 (the speed of sound). This includes speeds
from just above zero up to around Mach 0.8 to 0.9.

 Air Density: In this regime, the air density is relatively high and does not change significantly with speed. The
airflow is generally
Initiationsmooth
phase and follows the contours of the aircraft’s surfaces, with pressure changes being
gradual and predictable.

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PC4.4 Describe the nature of transonic airflow that includes; transonic speed range, critical Mach number, the
formation of a shockwave, and its effect on the aircraft.

Transonic Airflow:

 Speed Range: Occurs at speeds close to Mach 1, typically from about Mach 0.8 to Mach 1.2.

 Critical Mach Number: The speed at which airflow over some parts of the aircraft reaches the speed of sound,
causing local supersonic flow. It is the Mach number at which shockwaves begin to form.
Initiation phase

 Formation of Shockwaves: As the aircraft approaches Mach 1, shockwaves start to form on the aircraft,
particularly around areas like the wings and fuselage. These shockwaves cause a sudden change in pressure and
temperature.

 Effects on the Aircraft: The formation of shockwaves leads to increased drag and can cause instability or control
difficulties. The aircraft may experience a significant increase in aerodynamic drag, known as "wave drag," and
potential changes in handling characteristics

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PC4.5 Describe the nature of Supersonic airflow that includes; Supersonic speed range and its flight technical
challenges.

Supersonic Airflow:
• Speed Range: Occurs at speeds above Mach 1, typically from Mach 1 to Mach 5.
• Flight Technical Challenges:
• Shockwaves:
Initiation phaseCreate high drag and pressure changes.

• Drag: Increases significantly, affecting fuel efficiency.

• Control: Can be difficult due to changes in airflow.
• Heat: High speeds cause intense heat, requiring special materials.

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PC4.6 Describe the nature of Hypersonic airflow that includes; Hypersonic speed range and its flight technical
challenges.

Hypersonic Airflow:
• Speed Range: Occurs at speeds above Mach 5.
• Flight Technical Challenges:
• Extreme Heat:
Initiation phase Very high temperatures due to air compression, requiring advanced cooling

systems and materials.

• High Drag: Massive drag forces that impact efficiency.
• Control Issues: Difficult to manage due to intense aerodynamic forces.
• Structural Stress: Extreme pressures and temperatures put significant stress on the
aircraft’s structure.

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