Applied Physics

Lec#8
Magnetism
 Magnets

Figure 1. Magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. All have both
a north pole and a south pole. There is never an isolated pole (a monopole).
Magnets
• All magnets
attract iron,
such as that in
a refrigerator
door.
• However,
magnets may
attract or repel
other magnets.
Figure 2. One end of a bar magnet is suspended
from a thread that points toward north. The
magnet’s two poles are labeled N and S for north-
seeking and south-seeking poles, respectively.
Ferromagnets
• Only certain materials, such
as iron, cobalt, and nickel,
exhibit strong magnetic
effects. Such materials are
called ferromagnetic
• In most substances the Figure 2. (a) An unmagnetized piece of iron (or other
magnetic fields of the atomic ferromagnetic material) has randomly oriented
electrons cancel, but in domains. (b) When magnetized by an external field,
ferromagnetic substances the the domains show greater alignment, and some grow
cancellation is not complete at the expense of others. Individual atoms are aligned
and each atom has a certain within domains; each atom acts like a tiny bar
magnetic field of its own magnet.
Electromagnets
• Early in the 19th Century, it was Oersted’s experiment: he
discovered that electrical currents cause showed that a compass
magnetic effects. needle is deflected by an
electric current.
• Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted
(1777-1851)
• Found that a compass needle was
deflected by a current carrying wire
• Electromagnetism is the use of electric
current to make magnets.
• This temporarily induced magnets are
called electromagnets no current current flows
Figure 3. Instrument for
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). The device uses a
superconducting cylindrical coil
for the main magnetic field. The
patient goes into this “tunnel”
on the gurney. (credit: Bill
McChesney, Flickr)
Figure 4. Iron filings near
(a) a current-carrying coil
and (b) a magnet act like tiny
compass needles, showing
the shape of their fields.
Their response to a current-
carrying coil and a
permanent magnet is seen to
be very similar, especially
near the ends of the coil and
the magnet.
• Figure shows that the response of iron filings to a
current-carrying coil and to a permanent bar magnet.
The patterns are similar. In fact, electromagnets and
ferromagnets have the same basic characteristics—for
example, they have north and south poles that cannot
be separated and for which like poles repel and unlike
poles attract.
• Combining a ferromagnet with an electromagnet can
produce particularly strong magnetic effects.
• Whenever strong magnetic effects are needed, such as
lifting scrap metal, or in particle accelerators,
electromagnets are enhanced by ferromagnetic
materials.
 Figure 6. An
electromagnet
induces regions of
permanent
magnetism on a
floppy disk coated
with a
ferromagnetic
material. The
information stored
here is digital (a
region is either
Figure 5. An electromagnet magnetic or not);
with a ferromagnetic core can in other
produce very strong magnetic applications, it can
effects. Alignment of domains be analog (with a
in the core produces a varying strength),
magnet, the poles of which such as on
are aligned with the audiotapes.
electromagnet.
Magnetic field and Magnetic field lines
• The region around a magnet where the force of attraction or repulsion
can be detected is called magnetic field
• Magnetic field around a magnet can be detected by using a magnetic
compass.
• Magnetic field lines are the paths around a magnet along which the north
pole of a magnetic compass needle tends to move.
• The magnetic field lines around a magnet can be observed by sprinkling
iron filings around a magnet.
 Magnetic field and Magnetic field lines

Figure Magnetic field lines are defined to have the direction that a small compass points when
placed at a location. (a) If small compasses are used to map the magnetic field around a bar magnet,
they will point in the directions shown: away from the north pole of the magnet, toward the south
pole of the magnet. (Recall that the Earth’s north magnetic pole is really a south pole in terms of
definitions of poles on a bar magnet.) (b) Connecting the arrows gives continuous magnetic field
lines. The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness (or density) of the lines. (c) If the
interior of the magnet could be probed, the field lines would be found to form continuous closed
Figure Small compasses could be used to map the fields shown here. (a) The magnetic field
of a circular current loop is similar to that of a bar magnet. (b) A long and straight wire
creates a field with magnetic field lines forming circular loops. (c) When the wire is in the
plane of the paper, the field is perpendicular to the paper. Note that the symbols used for the
field pointing inward (like the tail of an arrow) and the field pointing outward (like the tip of
an arrow).
Magnetic field lines
Direction of the Magnetic Field:
• The magnetic field at any given point in space is represented by the direction of the
magnetic field line at that point.
• If you place a small compass at any location in a magnetic field, the compass
needle will align itself with the direction of the magnetic field line there. This is
because the north end of the compass points along the field line.

 Strength of the Magnetic Field:

• The strength, or intensity, of the magnetic field depends on how close the field lines
are to each other.
• The closer the field lines are, the stronger the magnetic field in that region.
• Technically, this strength is proportional to the number of field lines per unit area
perpendicular to the field lines (called the areal density of field lines).
Magnetic field lines
 Magnetic Field Lines Can’t Cross:
• Magnetic field lines never intersect or cross each other.
• This rule means the magnetic field is always uniquely defined in direction and
strength at every point in space.

 Magnetic Field Lines Are Continuous Loops:

• Unlike electric field lines that start on positive charges and end on negative
charges, magnetic field lines form continuous, closed loops.
• They emerge from the north pole of a magnet, loop around in space, and re-enter
the south pole, continuing through the magnet to complete the loop back to the
north pole.
 The properties of magnetic field lines can be summarized by these
rules:
1.The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the field line at any point in space. A
small compass will point in the direction of the field line.
2.The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness of the lines. It is exactly
proportional to the number of lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines (called the
areal density).
3.Magnetic field lines can never cross, meaning that the field is unique at any point in
space.
4.Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed loops without beginning or end.
They go from the north pole to the south pole.
Magnetic force on current
The magnetic force on a current refers to the force exerted on a wire carrying an
electric current when it is placed in a magnetic field. This force is the result of the
interaction between the magnetic field created by the moving charges in the current
and the external magnetic field.

 Direction of the Force:

• The direction of the magnetic force can be determined using the Right-Hand Rule:
• Point your thumb in the direction of the current (flow of positive charges).
• Point your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field.
• The palm of your hand will then face in the direction of the magnetic force on the wire.

This force is perpendicular to both the direction of the current and the magnetic field.
Magnetic force on current
•Magnitude of the Force:
•The force F on a segment of the wire depends on:
•The strength of the magnetic field B.
•The amount of current I in the wire.
•The length L of the wire in the magnetic field.
•The angle θ between the direction of the current and the magnetic field.
The formula for the magnetic force is:

where:
B is the magnetic field strength,
I is the current,
L is the length of the wire in the field,
θ is the angle between the current direction and the magnetic field
Magnetic force on current
•When a current flows through a wire, the
moving charges (usually electrons) create a
magnetic field around the wire.
•If this current-carrying wire is placed in an
external magnetic field, a force acts on the
wire.

•If the wire is aligned with magnetic

filed(same direction) there is no force on it,
as the angle angle between wire and field
increases the force also increases.
Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
• The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field, also known as the
Lorentz force, is the force experienced by a charged particle when it moves
through a magnetic field. This force is perpendicular to both the direction of
the particle’s motion and the magnetic field.
• For a force to act on a moving charge, there must be a magnetic field
present, and the charge must be moving within this field.
• The force depends on the speed of the charge, the magnetic field's strength,
and the angle between the particle’s velocity and the magnetic field
direction.
Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
Magnetic force is as important as the electrostatic or Coulomb force. Yet the
magnetic force is more complex, in both the number of factors that affects it and, in
its direction, than the relatively simple Coulomb force.
The magnitude of the magnetic force F on a charge q moving at a speed(average
drift velocity of the charge carriers) v in a magnetic field of strength B is given by

F = q v B sinθ
where θ is the angle between the directions of and .
 Right Hand Rules

The SI unit for magnetic field

strength B is the tesla (T), which is
related to other units by

1𝑁 1𝑁
1𝑇= =
𝐶 . 𝑚/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴. 𝑚
What is the
direction of the
magnetic force on
a positive charge
that moves as
shown in each of
the six cases
shown in Figure ?
Problems

1. What force is experienced by a wire of length I = 0.08 m at an angle of 20° to the

magnetic field direction carrying a current of 2 A in a magnetic field of 1.4 T?

2. A proton (charge q=1.6×10 -19 q = 1.6 C) moves at a speed of v=3.0×106v m/s

through a magnetic field B=0.5 T. The angle θ between the proton’s velocity and the
magnetic field is 90∘. What is the magnetic force on the proton?
 Motion of charge particle in uniform
magnetic field

Figure 10. A negatively charged

particle moves in the plane of the
page in a region where the
magnetic field is perpendicular
into the page (represented by the
small circles with x’s—like the tails
of arrows). The magnetic force is
perpendicular to the velocity, and
so velocity changes in direction but
not magnitude. Uniform circular
motion results.
• Because the magnetic force F supplies the centripetal
force Fc, we have