Computer Architecture

CS-252

BS - CS, SE, Telecom, Electronics

Credit Hours : 3-0

Department of Computer Science & IT

Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
 Computer Architecture
CS-252

B-Tech (Electrical & Electronics)

6th semester

Credit Hours : 3-0

Department of Computer Science & IT

Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
 Chapter # 2

Computer Evolution and Performance

Department of Computer Science & IT

Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
Previously (Lect-1 & 2)
• Prerequisite (Lect. 1)
• Number Systems (Bin, Oct, Dec, Hex)
• Data Formats (ASCII, BCD, Unsigned/Singed)
• Microprocessor Architecture (General, 8086)
• Memory Management (Address lines, Addressable memory)
• Instruction Set & Addressing modes

• Chapter -1: Introduction (Lect. 2)

• Computer Architecture & Computer Organization
• Structure & Function
• Operations
Lecture Outlines
• A Brief History of Computers
• The First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
• ENIAC
• John von Neumann (IAS) machine
• Commercial computers
• The Second Generation: Transistors
• The Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (ICs)
• Moore’s Law
• Later Generations
• Semiconductor memory & Microprocessors
Recommended Books

1. Computer Organization and Architecture

by William Stallings, 8th or Latest Edition

2. Computer System Architecture

by Morris Mano, 3rd Edition

3. Computer Architecture and Organization

by John P. Hayes, International Edition
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
ENIAC - background
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
– world’s first general-purpose electronic digital computer
– John Eckert and John Mauchly (student and Professor)
– University of Pennsylvania
• Started 1943 (was needed during World War-II)
• Needed for development of Firing Tables
– Range & Trajectory tables for new weapons
• Finished 1946
– Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955
ENIAC - details
• Decimal (not binary)
• Memory = 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• Programmed manually by switches (and plugging and unplugging
cables)
• Containing  18,000 vacuum tubes
• Weighing  30 tons
• Occupying  15,00 square feet
• Consuming  140 kW power
• Capable  5,000 additions per second
John von-Neumann Machine
• Stored-Program concept
• by John Von Neumann, a mathematician
– as entering and altering of programs in ENIAC was extremely tedious
• Main memory storing programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and
executing
• I/O equipment operated by control unit
• referred IAS computer (at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies)
– Started 1946  not Completed until 1952
– However, prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers
Structure of von-Neumann (IAS)
machine
IAS - details
• 1000 storage location of 40-bits each (termed words)
– Binary number (data and instructions are binary codes)
– Word may= 2 x 20 bit instructions

• Set of registers (storage in CPU)

– Memory Buffer Register (MBR), Memory Address Register (MAR)
– Instruction Register (IR), Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)
– Program Counter (PC)
– Accumulator (AC) & Multiplier Quotient (MQ) (operands and results)
• For Example: 40*40 = 80 (MSBs AC and LSBs  MQ )
Expanded
Structure
of IAS
Commercial Computers
• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
– 1st successful commercial machine = UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer)
– Commissioned by US Bureau of Census for 1950 calculations
– Intended for both scientific and commercial applications, such as
• matrix algebraic computations
• statistical problems
• premium billings for a life insurance company
• logistical problems etc.

• Late 1950s - UNIVAC II

– Faster
– More memory
Commercial Computers cont.
• IBM
• Manufacturer of Punched-card processing equipment
• 1953 - the 701
– IBM’s first stored program computer
– Scientific applications (calculations)
• 1955 - the 702
– Suited for Business applications
• Lead to 700/7000 series of computers
– 7000 were transistor based (2nd generation)
Second Generation: Transistors
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes by Transistors
– Smaller
– Cheaper
– Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
– Solid semiconductor crystals (materials)
– Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• Front-runner companies  produce small transistor machines
– NCR (National Cash Register)
– RCA (Radio Corporation of America)
– IBM i.e. 7000 series

• Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) – founded in 1957

– Produced PDP-1
– Start the minicomputer phenomenon
• become so prominent in the third generation
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits
Integrated Circuits
• A single, self-contained transistor is called a discrete
component
• Throughout 1950s  early 1960s
– Devices were composed of transistors, resistors, capacitors
– Early second-generation computers contained about 10,000 transistors
– This figure grew to the hundreds of thousands, making the
manufacture increasingly difficult
• Era of microelectronics: the invention of the integrated circuit
– Begins in 1958
– A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections
– These can be manufactured on a semiconductor e.g. silicon wafer
Generations of Computer
• 1st  Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
• 2nd  Transistor - 1958-1964
• 3rd  Small scale integration - 1965-1971
• Up to 100 devices on a chip
Medium scale integration -
• 100 - 1,000 devices on a chip
• 4th  Large scale integration - 1972-1977
• 1,000 - 10,000 devices on a chip
• 5th  Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991
• 10,000 – 10,00,000 devices on a chip
• 6th  Ultra large scale integration - 1991---
• Over 10,00,000 devices on a chip
Moore’s Law
• Increased density of components on chip (LSI, VLSI, ULSI…)
• Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel
– Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
• Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
– Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
• Consequences of Moore’s Law
– Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
– Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher
performance
– Smaller size gives increased flexibility
– Reduced power and cooling requirements
– Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
IBM 360 series
• 1964
• Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
• First planned “family” of computers
– Model 30, 40, 50, 65, 75
• Characteristics of family include:
– Similar or identical instruction sets
– Similar or identical O/S (going from
– Increasing speed lower to
– Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) higher
– Increasing memory size family
members)
– Increased cost
• Multiplexed switch structure
DEC PDP-8
• 1964
• First mini-computer
• Did not need air conditioned room
• Small enough to sit on a lab bench
• $16,000 (PDP-8 price)
– $100k (several hundreds of thousands for IBM 360)
• BUS STRUCTURE
– Instead of central-switched architecture (IBM 360)
– Omnibus consisting 96 signal paths
– Carrying control, data and address signal

DEC = Digital Equipment Corporation

DEC PDP-8, Bus Structure
 Later Generations
(as discussed previously i.e. 4th, 5th and 6th)

Remember: Along with other technological advancements, the

increasing density of components on chip result in:

• Semiconductor memory
• Microprocessor
Semiconductor Memory
• 1950’s & 1960’s computer memories were single ring/core
– Magnetic
– Expensive, bulky
– Destructive readout

• 1970, Fairchild  first capacious semiconductor memory

– Single Chip (size of single core)
– Holds 256 bits
– Non-destructive read
– Much faster than core
– Capacity approximately doubles each year

(Destructive read= erase to read, then restore)

Microprocessor- Intel
• 1971 - 4004
– First microprocessor
– All CPU components on a single chip
– 4 bit
• 1972 - 8008
– 8 bit
– Complexity: twice than 4004
– Both designed for specific applications
• 1974 - 8080
– 8-bit
– Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
– Larger instructions set and addressing capabilities
Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
 Thank you

Department of Computer Science & IT

Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar