1

Processor Memory(Registers)

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 2

PROCESSOR MEMORY
(REGISTERS)

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Microprocessor Registers
3

Microcomputer memory system can

logically be divided into three groups:
 Processor memory
 Primary or main memory
 Secondary memory

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

Cont.
4

Processor memory refers to a set of

microprocessor registers. These registers
form storage locations in a CPU.
They are used to hold data/addresses when
execution of an instruction is in progress.
Processor registers and the microprocessor
are fabricated using the same technology.
They have faster access time than primary
memory.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

Cont.
5

The number of registers available for

programming in a microprocessor vary with
different processors.
8085 microprocessor registers are:
The Accumulator(A), B,C,D,E,H,L, Flag
Register, Stack Pointer(SP),Program
Counter(PC).

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

Program Counter(PC)
6

It is 16 bits long.

The Program Counter is used to address up
to 64K of memory. It is always holding the
address of the next instruction to be fetched
from memory.
It enables the processor to read successive
instructions that are stored in the memory.
PC is modified with new address when there
is a jump, transfer of control or
subroutine call instructions.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

Stack Pointer(SP)
7

A Stack is an area in memory(RAM) that is

used for temporary storage of data or return
addresses.
A SP is a register that points to the next free
location in the stack.
Each time a byte is put onto the stack, SP is
decremented.
Each time a byte is retrieved from the stack,
SP is incremented.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

Cont.
8

The PUSH command is used to store contents

in the stack and the POP command retrieves
stored contents.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Programming
9

A microprocessor is driven by a set of

instructions to perform specific tasks.
An instruction is a statement that becomes
executable when a program is assembled
A program can be written in
 Machine Language,
 Low Level Language(Assembly Language),
 High Level Language such C, Java
Instructions are translated by the assembles
into machine language bytes, which are
loaded and executed by the CPU at runtime.
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025
cont.
10

Assembly can be done manually by the

programmer looking up the codes in the
instructions set (hand assembly) or by the
machine using the assembler.

An instructions set contains all the

instructions that a particular type of
microprocessor can execute.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Instructions
11

An instruction contains four basic parts;

 Label (optional)
 Instruction Mnemonic (required)

 Operand(s) (usually required )

 Comment (optional)

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 12

The different parts of an instruction is

arranged as shown bellow;
[Label:] mnemonic [operands] [; comment]
Label is an identifier that acts as a place
marker for instructions and data. A label
placed just before an instruction implies the
instruction's address. Similarly , a label
placed just before a variable implies the
variable’s address.
There are two types of labels; Data labels and
Code labels
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025
 13

 A data label identifies the location of a variable,

providing a convenient way to reference a
variable in the code. The following , for example,
defines a variable named count:
count DWORD 100

It is possible to define multiple data items following

a label. In the following example , array defines
the location of the first number(1024). The other
numbers will follow in memory immediately
afterwards

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 14

array DWORD 1024 , 2048

DWORD 4096, 8192

A label in code area of a program (where

intructions are located) must end with (:)
character. Code labels are used as targets of
jumping and looping instructions.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 15

For example, the following JMP (jump)

instruction transfers control to the location
named target, creating a loop

target:
mov ax, bx
……
jmp target

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 16

A code label can share the same line with

an instruction, or it can be on a line by itself:

L1:
L2: mov ax, bx

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Instruction Mnemonic
17

An instruction mnemonic is a short word that

identifies an instruction. In English, a mnemonic
is a device that assist memory. Similarly,
assembly language instruction mnemonics such
as mov, add, and sub provide hints about the
type of operation they perform .
Following are examples of instruction mnemonics

Mnemonic Description
MOV move (assign) one value to
another

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 18

ADD Add two values

SUB subtract one value from

another

JMP Jump to a new location

CALL Call a procedure

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Operands
19

An operand is a value that is used for input or

output for an instruction. Assembly language
instruction can have between zero and three
operands, each of which can be a register,
memory operand, integer expression, or
input-output port.
The STC instruction, for example, has no
operands
stc ;set Carry flag
The INC has one operand;
inc eax ;add 1 to EAX
Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025
 20

The MOV instruction has two operands:

 MOV count, ebx ;move ebx to count

There is a natural ordering of operands.

When instructions have multiple operands,
the first one is typically called the destination
operand. The second operand is usually
called the source operand.
In general, the content s of the destination
operand are modified . In the MOV
instruction, data is copied from the source to
the
Sept destination
Dec 2024 01/22/2025
 Comments
21

Comments are an important way for the

writer of a program to communicate
information about the program’s design to a
person reading the source code

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 example
22

Label Mnemonic Operand Comment

START: MVI A, 22H ;Move 2216 to Register A
ADI 20H ;Add 2016 to Register A
contents
LXI H, 8400H ;Load register pair HL
with 840016
MOV M, A ;Move contents of Reg A
into location 840016
JMP START ;Jump to START

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Instruction Types
23

An instruction normally has two components,

the operation code (Opcode) and the data or
address to be operated on (Operand).
To perform an operation, operands must be
given.
Operands can come from registers, memory
locations or directly (Immediate) as part of
instructions.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Instruction Groups
24

Generally instructions available in a

microprocessor may be broadly classified
into five groups
 Data transfer
 Arithmetic
 Logical
 Program control
 Input/Output

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Data Transfer Instructions
25

Instructions for moving/transferring data

between the processor and main memory.
 Register to Register
 Register to Memory
 Memory to Register
 Memory to Memory

Example
MOV B,C ; the instruction moves contents of register C
to register B.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Arithmetic Instructions
26

All instruction sets include ADD and

SUBTRACT instructions. Some also include
multiplication and division.
To facilitate floating point number
manipulations, some processors include
floating-point instructions in their
instructions set.
Example ADD B; Add contents of register B to
the contents in the accumulator.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Logical Instructions
27

These includes instructions for performing

the Boolean AND, NOT, OR, and EXCLUSIVE-
OR operations on a bit-by-bit basis.
Also included are SHIFT instructions:
 Shift left or right
 Rotate left or right

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Program Control Instructions
28

Instructions are always executed in the same

order they are represented. In a real-life
situation, flow of control depends on the
results of computation.
Based on the results of a computation, a
program can select a particular sequence of
instructions to execute.
Instructions that realize this approach are
called program control instructions.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 cont
29

Program Control instructions may be

classified into the following groups:
 Unconditional branch instructions
 Conditional branch instructions
 Subroutine call instructions

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 ..
30
Unconditional Branch Instruction
transfers control to a specified address
regardless of the status of a computation.
A conditional Branch instruction
transfers control when some condition is
met after a computation.
 if(condition) then branch to execute a new
instruction else the instructions that follow.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 .

31

Subroutine call.
 A subroutine is a special program for
performing repeatedly needed tasks such as
sorting, searching…
 In this case the control of the program will
now change to execute the subroutine.
Control returns after finishing with the
subroutine.

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025

 Instructions set
32

8085 has a total of 246 instructions (see

table)
Familiarization with the instructions set

Sept Dec 2024 01/22/2025