CHAPTER 4: THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

AND OSCILLATOR

ER.HOM NATH TIWARI

PASHCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS,
LAMACHAUR, POKHARA
[email protected]
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

1
 COURSE STRUCTURE

1. Basic model: virtual ground concept, inverting amplifier, non-inverting

amplifier, integrator, differentiator, summing amplifier and their
applications.
2. Basic feedback theory, positive and negative feedback, concept of
stability, oscillator
3. Waveform generator using op-amp for Square wave, Triangular wave
Wien bridge oscillator for sinusoidal waveform
 Operational-Amplifier(op-amp)

741 Amplifier is the most popular amplifier it has

AOL=100000
 WHAT IS AN OP-AMP? – THE LAYOUT

• THERE ARE 8 PINS IN A COMMON OP-AMP, LIKE THE 741 WHICH IS

USED IN MANY INSTRUCTIONAL COURSES.
 WHAT IS AN OP-AMP? – THE INSIDE

• THE ACTUAL COUNT VARIES, BUT AN OP-AMP CONTAINS SEVERAL TRANSISTORS,

RESISTORS, AND A FEW CAPACITORS AND DIODES.
• FOR SIMPLICITY, AN OP-AMP IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS THIS:

Positive
Power
Inverting Supply
Input -
Output
Non-Inverting +
Input
Negative
Power
Supply
 THE 741 OP-AMP CIRCUIT

• Schematic diagram of OP-AMP consists:

• The input stage
• The intermediate stage
• The output stage
• The biasing circuits
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LM741
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

• 24 transistors, few resistors and only one capacitor

• Two power supplies
• Short-circuit protection
 The Input Stage
• The input stage consists of transistors Q1 through
Q7.
• Q1-Q4 is the differential version of CC and CB
configuration.
• High input resistance.
• Current source (Q5-Q7) is the active load of input
stage. It not only provides a high-resistance load
but also converts the signal from differential to
single-ended form with no loss in gain or
common-mode rejection.
The Intermediate Stage
• The intermediate stage is composed of Q16,
Q17 and Q13B.
• Common-collector configuration for Q16
gives this stage a high input resistance as
well as reduces the load effect on the input
stage.
• Common-emitter configuration for Q17
provides high voltage gain because of the
active load Q13B.
 The Output Stage

• The output stage is the efficient circuit called class AB

output stage.
• Voltage source composed of Q18 and Q19 supplies the
DC voltage for Q14 and Q20 in order to reduce the cross-
over distortion.
• Q23 is the CC configuration to reduce the load effect on
intermediate stage.
The Output Stage

(a)The emitter follower is a class A output stage.

(b)(b) Class B output stage.
The Output Stage
Wave of a class B output stage fed with an
input sinusoid.
Positive and negative cycles are unable to
connect perfectly due to the turn-on voltage of
the transistors.
This wave form has the nonlinear distortion
called crossover distortion.
To reduce the crossover distortion can be
implemented by supplying the constant DC
voltage at the base terminals.
The Output Stage

QN and QP provides the voltage

drop which equals to the turn-on
voltages of QN and QP.
This circuit is call Class AB output
stage.
 Short-circuit protection

• Short-circuit protection circuitry

Forward protection is implemented by R6 and Q15.
Reverse protection is implemented by R7, Q21,
current source(Q24, Q22) and intermediate stage.
The Biasing Circuits

• Reference current is generated by Q12, Q11 and R5.

• Wilder current provides biasing current in the
order of μA.
• Q13B provides biasing current for intermediate
stage, Q13A for output stage.
• Q5, Q6 and Q7 is composed of the current source to
be an active load for input stage.
Operational Amplifier Symbol

Figure 2.1 Circuit symbol for the op amp.

 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF OP AMPS
C

vid
+
vo
-
-
Transcoductance High Gain Unity
Differential Voltage Gain
Amplifier Amplifier Buffer
IDEAL OPAMP
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE IDEAL OP AMP
 Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amplifier
The ideal OPAMP has the following
OP AMP is a direct coupled characteristic :
high gain amplifier to which
feedback is added to control Differential Input resistance Ri= 
its overall response
characteristic Output resistance Ro = 0
Differential voltage gain Av=- 
Bandwidth = 
Offset voltage and current is zero.
a) No difference voltage between
A inverting and noninvertying
terminals.
b) No input currents.
Vo = (A V + -A V )
-

= A (V + - V ) Perfect balance Vo=0 when V-= V+

-
 Operational Amplifier (OP AMP)
Basic and most common circuit building device.
Ideally,
1. No current can enter terminals V+ or V-. Called
A infinite input impedance.
2. Vout=A(V+ - V-) with A →∞
3. In a circuit V+ is forced equal to V-. This is the
Vo = (A V + -A V )
- virtual ground property
= A (V + - V )
-
4. An opamp needs two voltages to power it Vcc
and -Vee. These are called the rails.
 OPAMP: COMPARATOR

Vout=A(Vin – Vref)
If Vin>Vref, Vout = +∞ but practically
hits +ve power supply = Vcc
If Vin<Vref, Vout = -∞ but practically
A (gain)
very high hits –ve power supply = -Vee

Compare the voltage of one input with the voltage with other input
Two types:
inverting comparator when the reference voltage apply to the
inverting terminal
non inverting comparator when the reference voltage apply to the
non inverting terminal
 OPAMP: VOLTAGE
FOLLOWER

V+ = VIN.
By virtual ground, V- = V+
Thus Vout = V- = V+ = VIN !!!!
(a)The unity-gain buffer or follower amplifier.
28
(b)Its equivalent circuit model.
OPAMP: The Inverting Configuration

The inverting closed-loop

configuration.
Virtual ground.

29
OPAMP: The Inverting Configuration

30
OPAMP: The Inverting Configuration

31
OPAMP: INVERTING AMPLIFIER

1.V- = V+
2.As V+ = 0, V- = 0
3.As no current can
enter V- and from
Kirchoff’s Ist law,
I1=I2.
4. I1 = (VIN - V-)/R1 = VIN/R1
5. I2 = (V- - VOUT)/R2 = -VOUT/R2 => VOUT = -I2R2
6. From 3 and 5, VOUT = -I2R2 = -I1R2 = -VINR2/R1
7. Therefore VOUT = (-R2/R1)VIN
8. Gain = Vout / Vin = - R2 / R1
OPAMP: The Non Inverting
Configuration

The noninverting configuration.

Series-shunt negative feedback.

33
OPAMP: The Non Inverting
Configuration

34
 OPAMP: NON – INVERTING AMPLIFIER

1.V- = V+
2.As V+ = VIN, V- = VIN
3.As no current can
enter V- and from
Kirchoff’s Ist law,
I1=I2.
4. I1 = VIN/R1
5. I2 = (VOUT - VIN)/R2 => VOUT = VIN + I2R2
6. VOUT = I1R1 + I2R2 = (R1+R2)I1 = (R1+R2)VIN/R1
7. Therefore VOUT = (1 + R2/R1)VIN
SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Recall inverting
If
amplifier and
If = I 1 + I 2 + …
+ In
VOUT = -Rf (V1/R1 + V2/R2 + … + Vn/Rn)

Summing amplifier is a good example of analog circuits serving as

analog computing amplifiers (analog computers)!
Note: analog circuits can add, subtract, multiply/divide (using
logarithmic components, differentiate and integrate – in real time
and continuously.
SUMMING AMPLIFIER

37
SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Ra Rc Ra Rc Rc Rc
vo v1 ( )( )  v2 ( )( )  v3 ( )  v4 ( )
R1 Rb R2 Rb R3 R4
38
Difference AMPLIFIER

•This type is of the same characteristic of the

inverting and non inverting OPAMP.
•Vo is the differences between the two inputs
• Rf
Rin in both inputs must
V2 Rin
be equal, and equal to
Rin Rf
V1 Vo

Vo = Rf (V1 –V2)/ Rin

Rf
Difference AMPLIFIER

Linear amplifier.
Theorem of linear
Superposition.

41
Difference AMPLIFIER

Application of superposition
Inverting configuration

R2
vo1  vI 1
R1

42
Difference AMPLIFIER

Application of superposition.
Non inverting configuration.

R2 R4
vo 2 (1  )( ） vI 2
R1 R4  R3

43
THANK YOU