SUBJECT NAME: Computer

Organization and Microprocessor

SUBJECT CODE: 303105210

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 What is Microprocessor?
 A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip
that has computing and decision making capabilities
similar to central processing unit of a computer.
 It is clock driven IC
 It is Si type of semiconductor chip which contain no.
of transistors. I/P Microprocessor
 It is register array based device. O/P
 Microprocessor is used as multipurpose
Technology Used: The semiconductor manufacturing technologies used
for chips are:
 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
 Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
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Classification of Microprocessors:
Based on size of data bus:
 4-bit microprocessor Based on architecture:
 Reduced Instruction Set
 8-bit microprocessor
 16-bit microprocessor Computer (RISC) processors
 Complex Instruction Set
 32-bit microprocessor
Computer (CISC) processors
Based on application:
 General-purpose microprocessor- used in general computer system and
can be used by programmer for any application. Examples, 8085 to
Intel Pentium.
 Microcontroller- microprocessor with built-in memory and ports and
can be programmed for any generic control application. Example,
8051.
 Special-purpose processors- designed to handle special functions
required for an application. Examples, digital signal processors and
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips.
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History of Microprocessors:

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4-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.

It was the first



microprocessor by Intel.
 It was a 4-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was
740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second. 5

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INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.

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8-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.

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INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
 It had 6,000
transistors.
 Was 10 times faster
than
8008.
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 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per
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INTEL 8085  Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500
transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per
second.
 It could access 64 KB 10
of
memory. 11
16-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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  Introduced in 1978.

INTEL 8086  It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000
transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of
memory.
 It had Multiply
 It and Divide
had 22,000 12
instructions.
instructions.
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INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor
with an 8-bit external bus.

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INTEL 80186 & 80188  Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.

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INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

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32-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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  Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
INTEL 80386  Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.

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  Introduced in 1989.
INTEL 80486  It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from
16 MHz to 100 MHz
depending upon the various
versions.

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  Introduced in 1993.
INTEL PENTIUM  It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.

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INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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  Introduced in 2006.
INTEL DUAL CORE  It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache

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64-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL CORE 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

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Formal structure of Microprocessors:

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 Bit: A bit is a single binary digit.
 Word: A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be processed by the
arithmetic and logic unit of the processor. A 16-bit binary number is called a word
in a 16-bit processor.
 Bus: A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry similar information.
 System Bus: The system bus is a group of wires/lines used for communication
between the microprocessor and peripherals.
 Memory Word: The number of bits that can be stored in a register or memory
element is called a memory word.
 Address Bus: It carries the address, which is a unique binary pattern used to
identify a memory location or an I/O port. For example, an eight bit address bus has
eight lines and thus it can address 28 = 256 different locations. The locations in
hexadecimal format can be written as 00H – FFH.
 Data Bus: The data bus is used to transfer data between memory and processor or
between I/O device and processor. For example, an 8-bit processor will generally
have an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit processor will have 16-bit data bus.
 Control Bus: The control bus carry control signals, which consists of signals for
selection of memory or I/O device from the given address, direction of data transfer
and synchronization of data transfer in case of slow devices.

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Language of Microprocessors:
Each microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list which is provided
by the microprocessor manufacturer. The instruction set of a
microprocessor is provided in two forms: binary machine code and
mnemonics.
Microprocessor communicates and operates in binary numbers 0 and 1.
The set of instructions in the form of binary patterns is called a machine
language
and it is difficult for us to understand. Therefore, the binary patterns are
given abbreviated names, called mnemonics, which forms the assembly
language.
The conversion of assembly-level language into binary machine-level
language is done by using an application called assembler.

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Microprocessors Vs Microcontroller:

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Microprocessors Vs Microcontroller:

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Application - <<Microprocessor>>

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THANK YOU

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