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CAO Introduction

The document outlines the objectives and units of a course on Computer Architecture, covering topics such as the basic structure of computer systems, arithmetic operations, processor control units, parallelism, and memory and I/O systems. It distinguishes between computer architecture and organization, defines key terminology, and discusses different architectures like Harvard and Von Neumann. Additionally, it explains basic operations of a computer including fetching, decoding, executing, and storing data.

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9 views31 pages

CAO Introduction

The document outlines the objectives and units of a course on Computer Architecture, covering topics such as the basic structure of computer systems, arithmetic operations, processor control units, parallelism, and memory and I/O systems. It distinguishes between computer architecture and organization, defines key terminology, and discusses different architectures like Harvard and Von Neumann. Additionally, it explains basic operations of a computer including fetching, decoding, executing, and storing data.

Uploaded by

padma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS8491

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
OBJECTIVES:

• To understand the basic structure and operations of a


computer.
• To learn the arithmetic and logic unit and implementation of
fixed-point and floating point arithmetic unit.
• To learn the basics of pipelined execution.
• To understand parallelism and multi-core processors.
• To understand the memory hierarchies, cache memories and
virtual memories.
• To learn the different ways of communication with I/O
devices.
UNIT I BASIC STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Functional Units – Basic Operational Concepts – Performance – Instructions:


Language of the Computer – Operations, Operands – Instruction representation –
Logical operations –decision making – MIPS Addressing.

UNIT II ARITHMETIC FOR COMPUTERS

Addition and Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Floating Point


Representation – Floating Point Operations – Subword Parallelism

UNIT III PROCESSOR AND CONTROL UNIT

A Basic MIPS implementation – Building a Datapath – Control Implementation


Scheme – Pipelining – Pipelined datapath and control – Handling Data Hazards &
Control Hazards – Exceptions.
UNIT IV PARALLELISIM
Parallel processing challenges – Flynn‘s classification – SISD, MIMD, SIMD, SPMD, and
Vector Architectures - Hardware multithreading – Multi-core processors and other
Shared Memory Multiprocessors - Introduction to Graphics Processing Units, Clusters,
Warehouse Scale Computers and other Message-Passing Multiprocessors.

UNIT V MEMORY & I/O SYSTEMS


Memory Hierarchy - memory technologies – cache memory – measuring and
improving cache performance – virtual memory, TLB‘s – Accessing I/O Devices –
Interrupts – Direct Memory Access – Bus structure – Bus operation – Arbitration –
Interface circuits - USB.
What is CA?

“ The study of the structure , behavior


and design of computers”
What is Computer Organization?

COA PROGRAM
PRINCIPLES

ELECTRONIC GENERAL
DESIRED
DEVICES PURPOSE
BEHAVIOUR
COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE Vs ORGANIZATION
• Architecture – What are all there?
Camera,BT ,Wi-Fi,FM etc.,
• Organization- How much are there?
5MP,V3.0,1 Km coverage,100 channels etc.,
Basic Terminology
• Computer • Software
– A device that accepts input, – A computer program that tells
processes data, stores data, and the computer how to perform
produces output, all according to particular tasks.
a series of stored instructions.
• Network
• Hardware – Two or more computers and
– Includes the electronic and other devices that are
mechanical devices that process connected, for the purpose of
the data; refers to the computer sharing data and programs.
as well as peripheral devices.
• Peripheral devices
– Used to expand the computer’s
input, output and storage
capabilities.
Basic Terminology
•Interpreter – Converts HLL to MLL, does this job
statement by statement

•System software – Program routines which aid the user


in the execution of programs eg: Assemblers, Compilers

•Operating system – Collection of routines responsible


for controlling and coordinating all the activities in a
computer system
Basic Terminology

•Assembly language program (ALP) – Programs are written using


mnemonics

•Mnemonic – Instruction will be in the form of English like form

•Assembler – is a software which converts ALP to MLL (Machine


Level Language)

•Compiler - Convert HLL to MLL, does this job by reading source


program at once
Basic Terminology
• Input
– Whatever is put into a computer system.
• Data
– Refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, or ideas.
• Information
– The results of the computer storing data as bits and bytes; the words,
numbers, sounds, and graphics.
• Output
– Consists of the processing results produced by a computer.
• Processing
– Manipulation of the data in many ways.
• Memory
– Area of the computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed,
stored, or output.
• Storage
– Area of the computer that holds data on a permanent basis when it is not
immediately needed for processing.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER
ALU
Different Architectures
HARDVARD VON Neumann
Two memories with two buses Content of the memory if
allow parallel access to data organized and all installed
access and instructions memory can be used.
Control Unit for two buses is One bus is simpler for the
more complicated and more Control Unit design
expensive Computer with one bus is
cheaper

Program can write itself Error in a program can rewrite


instruction and crash
execution

Both memories can use


different sizes
RISC
CISC
BASIC OPERATIONS OF A COMPUTER
• Fetch
• Decode
• Execute
• Store
FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
STORE
STATE DIAGRAM

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