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Chapter-1
Introduction
Computer System
To
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Introduction to
Computer
Computer is an advanced electronic device that
takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set of
instructions (called program) and gives the result
(output) and saves output for the future use.
A computer is a combination of
hardware and software resources which
integrate together and provides various
functionalities to the user. Hardware are the
physical components of a computer like the
processor, memory devices, monitor, keyboard
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Introduction to
Computer
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING
DEVICE
First Generation (1940-56):
The first generation computers used vacuum tubes &
machine language was used for giving the instructions. These
computers were large in size & their programming was difficult task.
The electricity consumption was very high. Some computers of this
generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC-1.
In this generation, mainly batch processing
operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic
tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this
generation used machine code as the programming language.
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Second Generation (1956-63):
In 2nd generation computers, vacuum tubes were
replaced by transistors. They required only 1/10
of power required by tubes. This generation
computers generated less heat & were reliable.
The first operating system developed in this
generation. IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604 are the
examples of this generations computers.
In 2nd generation, magnetic cores
were used as the primary memory and magnetic
tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.
In this generation, assembly language and
high-level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used. The computers used batch
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Third Generation (1964-71):
The 3rd generation computers replaced
transistors with Integrated circuit known as chip.
From Small scale integrated circuits which had
10 transistors per chip, technology developed
to MSI circuits with 100 transistors per chip. These
computers were smaller, faster & more reliable.
High level languages invented in this generation.
The IC was invented by Jack
Kilby. This development made computers smaller
in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation
remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used.
High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,
PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this
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Fourth Generation (1972- 1980):
LSI & VLSI were used in this generation. As
a result microprocessors came into existence. The
computers using this technology known to be Micro
Computer. High capacity hard disk were invented.
There is great development in data
communication.
Fourth generation computers
became more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal
Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation,
time sharing, real time networks, distributed
operating system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this
generation.
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\Fifth Generation (1980-Present &
Beyond):
Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of
parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come.
Some computer types of this generation are −
Desktop
Laptop
Note
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COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
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In the above diagram, both control (control
unit or CU) and arithmetic & logic unit (ALU)
combinely called as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Let's describe about all the parts as included in
the above
diagram one by one.

The Processor Unit (CPU)

It is the brain of the computer system. All major
calculation and comparisons are made inside the
CPU and it is also responsible for activation
and controlling the operation of other unit.
This unit consists of two major components, that are
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU).
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Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
Arithmetic logic unit performs all arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It also uses logic
operation for comparison like comparison or
decision making (>, <, <=, >=, = etc.).
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit of a CPU controls the entire
operation of the computer. It also controls all
devices such as memory, input/output devices
connected to the CPU.
CU fetches instructions from memory, decodes the
instruction, interprets the instruction to know
what the task are to be performed and sends
suitable control signals to the other components
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Input/Output Unit
The input/output unit consists of devices used
to transmit information between the external
world and computer memory.
The information fed through the input unit is
stored in computer's memory for processing and
the final result stored in memory can be recorded
or display on the output medium.
Memory unit
It is an essential component of a digital computer.
It is where all data intermediate and find results
are stored. The data read from the main storage
or an input unit are transferred to the
computer's memory where they are available
for processing. This memory unit is used to hold
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Primary
Memory:
Primary memory has direct link with input unit
and output
unit. It stores the input data, intermediate
calculation, result.

Secondary Memory:
The primary storage is not able to store data
permanently for future use. So some other types
of storage technology is required to store the
data permanently for long time, it is called
secondary or auxiliary memory.
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Input & Output
Device
Inputdevices
Input Device:are those devices which help to
enter data into computer system. E.g. Keyboad,
Mouse, Touchscreen, Barcode Reader, Scanner,
MICR, OMR etc.

Bar Code Reader MICR used in Bank OMR

Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr. Vinod Verma PGT(CS)
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KEYBOARD: This is the most common input device which uses

an arrangement of buttons or keys. In a keyboard each press of a
key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However some
symbols require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in
sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or
characters, other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce
actions or computer commands.

Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr. Vinod Verma PGT(CS)
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Mouse:
A computer mouse (plural mice or mouses) is
a hand- held pointing device that detects two-
dimensional motion relative to a surface. This
motion is typically translated into the motion of a
pointer on a display, which allows a smooth
control of the graphical user interface of a
computer.
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Scanner:
Scannerisa device that optically
scans images, printed text,
handwriting, or an object, and
converts it to digital image.
JOYSTICK:
A joystick isan input device
consistingof a stick that pivots ona
base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is
controlling.
Many people usejoysticks on
computer games involving flight
suchas
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr. Vinod Verma PGT(CS)
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Output Device:
Output devices are those devices which help to
display the processed information. Eg. Monitor,
Printer, Plotter, Projector etc.
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PRINTER:
 Printer produces result on the paper.
 There are various types of printers available in
the market:
DOT MATRIX PRINTER:
 Uses ribbon and hammer technology.
 Its quality is not very good. It prints by making
the object using
small dots.
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INKJET PRINTER:
It creates a digital image by
propelling droplets of ink onto
the paper.

LASERJET PRINTER:
They uses laser technology to print documents. It produce
high quality printing at very high speed.
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MONITOR
 It is the primary output device
where we
see the output. It looks like TV.
 It is also known as VDU(Visual
Display Unit).
 Its display may be in the form of CRT

LED, LCD.
1. CRT(CATHODE RAY TUBE)
2. LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
3. LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
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MEMORY UNITS: Memory is used to store the
data for later
reference. The smallest unit is bit, which mean
either 0 or 1.
 1 bit = 0 or 1
 1 Byte = 8 bits
 1 Nibble = 4 bits
 1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Byte= 210 Byte
 1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB= 210 KB
 1 Giga Byte = 1024 MB= 210 MB
 1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB= 210 GB
 1 Peta Byte =1024 TB= 210 TB
 1 Exa Byte =1024 PB= 210 PB
 1 Zetta Byte = 1024 EB= 210 EB
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PRIMARY
MEMORY
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SECONDARY MEMORY
The primary storage is not able to store data
permanently for future use. So some other types
of storage technology is required to store the
data permanently for long time, it is called
secondary or auxiliary storage.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY
STORAGE
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SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPE
SOFTWARE: Software, simply are the computer
programs. The instructions given to the computer in
the form of a program is
called Software. Software is the set of programs,
which are used for different purposes. All the
programs used in computer to perform specific task
is called Software.
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TYPES OF
SOFTWARE
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1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The system software is a collection of programs
designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the
computer itself.
These software products comprise of
programs
written in low-level languages, which interact
with the
hardware at a very basic level. System software
serves as the interface between the hardware and
the end
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Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr. Vinod Verma PGT(CS)
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OPERATING
SYSTEM
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OPERATING SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
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FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
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APPLICATION
satisfy
SOFTWARE
Application software products are designed to
a particular need of a particular
environment. All software prepared in the
computer lab may come under the category of
Application software.
Examples of Application software are the following −
 Payroll Software
 Student Record Software
 Inventory Management Software
 Income Tax Software
 Railways Reservation Software
 Microsoft Office Suite Software
 Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel
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UTILITY SOFTWARE
Utility software is designed to aid in
analyzing,optimizing, configuring and maintaining
a computer system. It supports
the computer infrastructure. This software focuses
on how an OS functions and then accordingly it
decides its trajectory to smoothen the functioning
of the system. Software’s like
antiviruses, disk cleanup & management tools,
compression tools, defragmenters, etc are all utility
tools. Some examples of