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Lesson 2 Intermolecular Forces

The document provides an overview of intermolecular forces, defining and differentiating between types such as dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonds. It explains the characteristics of polar and nonpolar molecules, the nature of intermolecular attractions, and their impact on physical properties like boiling and melting points. Additionally, it includes examples, a hands-on activity, and a quiz to reinforce understanding of the concepts presented.

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16 views54 pages

Lesson 2 Intermolecular Forces

The document provides an overview of intermolecular forces, defining and differentiating between types such as dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonds. It explains the characteristics of polar and nonpolar molecules, the nature of intermolecular attractions, and their impact on physical properties like boiling and melting points. Additionally, it includes examples, a hands-on activity, and a quiz to reinforce understanding of the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

mindadelacruzdomingo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intermolecular

Forces

Lesson 2
Section Objectives

2. Describe and
1. Define differentiate the
intermolecular types of
force. intermolecular
forces.
In a polar covalent
bond, one atom
spends more time
with the electrons
than the other.
Review

Polar
Polar molecules occur when two atoms do not share
electrons equally in a covalent bond.
Examples of polar molecules include:
water - H2O
ammonia - NH3
sulfur dioxide - SO2
hydrogen sulfide - H2S
ethanol - C2H6O
In a nonpolar
covalent bond,
the atoms share
electrons equally
with one another.
Nonpolar
When molecules share electrons equally in a covalent
bond there is no net electrical charge across the molecule.
Examples of nonpolar molecules include:
• any of the noble gasses: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (These are
atoms, not technically molecules.)
• any of the homonuclear diatomic elements: H2, N2, O2, Cl2
(These are truly nonpolar molecules.)
• carbon dioxide - CO2
• benzene - C6H6
Dipole
- a molecule in which a concentration of
positive electric charge is separated
from a concentration of negative
charge.
• Forces of attraction
Intermolecular
between molecules are
Forces
called intermolecular
forces (IMF).

• These are forces that


act between individual
molecules that hold
them close together as
in a solid or a liquid.
Intermolecular forces can be grouped for convenience
into Dipole-dipole forces, Ion-dipole forces, Dispersion
forces and Hydrogen bonds.
The attractions between
molecules are not nearly as
strong as the intramolecular
attractions that hold compounds
together

They are, however, strong


enough to control physical
properties such as boiling and
melting points, vapor pressures,
and viscosities.
London dispersion forces (LDF)

- Is the weakest intermolecular force.


The London dispersion force is a
temporary attractive force that results
when the electrons in two adjacent
atoms occupy positions that make the
atoms form temporary dipoles.
This force is sometimes called an
induced dipole-induced dipole attraction.
London dispersion forces are
weak intermolecular
forces and are considered van
der Waals forces. Temporary
dipoles can occur in non-polar
molecules when the electrons
that constantly orbit the
nucleus occupy a similar
location by chance.
• Dispersion (London) Forces
exist between non polar
molecules as a consequence
of random electron positions
(temporary dipole)

• Much weaker than real dipole

• Larger molecules are more


likely to exhibit London forces
• This is why non-polars have
lower melting and boiling
points

• These forces of attraction


result from temporary dipole
moments induced in
ordinarily nonpolar
molecules. These forces are
present between all types of
molecules due to the
movement of electrons.
Dipole-dipole forces

are attractive forces between


the positive end of one polar
molecule and the negative end of
another polar molecule. Dipole-
dipole forces have strengths that
range from 5 kJ to 20 kJ per mole.
The partially positive end of a polar
molecule is attracted to the partially
negative end of another.
- result when two dipolar molecules interact
with each other through space. When this
occurs, the partially negative portion of one
of the polar molecules is attracted to the
partially positive portion of the second polar
molecule
Dipole-dipole forces

- example of a dipole–dipole interaction can be


seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloroform
(CHCl3).
Ion-Dipole Forces

- these forces exist when polar molecules are


attracted to ions. The positive pole is attracted
to a negative ion (anion), while the negative
pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).
- are generated between polar water molecules
and a sodium ion. The oxygen atom in the
water molecule has a slight negative charge
and is attracted to the positive sodium ion.
These intermolecular ion-dipole forces are
much weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of
molecular attraction between the hydrogen
atom in a polar bond and nonbonding electron
pair on a nearby small electronegative ion or
atom (usually F, O or N).
Hydrogen bonding arises in part from the
high electronegativity of nitrogen, oxygen,
and fluorine.

Also, when hydrogen is bonded to one of


those very electronegative elements, the
hydrogen nucleus is exposed.
Assignment:

List 5 examples of each


intermolecular forces found in
molecules
(one whole sheet of paper)
HANDS ON ACTIVITY:
Marupok o matibay?
Prepare 3 small plastic cups
label each as crushed ice,
alcohol and acetone. Using
paper and pen prepare a table
where you are about to record
the rate of evaporation. Now a
put two drops of the specimen
in each labeled liquid materials
and a piece of crushed ice in
the plastic container. Once
prepared put all the material
under the sun and record ease
of evaporation, use the table
below.
Using the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular
forces, explain the observed volatility, or the ease of
evaporation of some solid and liquid, such as crushed ice
cubes, alcohol, and acetone.

____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
QUIZ
1. Which of the following is an attractive force that act
between molecules or particles in the solid or liquid state?
a. Inter-attractive force
b. Interdimensional force
c. Intermolecular force
d. Intramolecular force
2. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the
molecular behavior of a solid?
a. it has high density
b. it has definite volume
c. cannot be appreciably compressed
d. its particles are in random motion and covers a large
distance
3. What particular state of matter has particles that are
close to each other and cannot be appreciably
compressed?
a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid
4. Which of the following statement is TRUE about solids?
a. Solids can maintain a definite shape and volume
because their particles are ions.
b. Solids can maintain a definite shape and volume
because their particles have no kinetic energy.
c. Solids can maintain a definite shape and volume because
their particles have weak attractive force.
d. Solids can maintain a definite shape and volume
because their particles have strong attractive force.
5. Which of the following is NOT an intermolecular force?
a. dipole-dipole c. ion-dipole bond
b. hydrogen bond d. metallic bond
6. What kind of intermolecular force would be found in the
Halogen group like F2 and I2?
a. covalent bond c. dispersion
b. dipole-dipole d. hydrogen bond
7. Which of the following statement is NOT true about
dispersion forces?
a. It involved hydrogen bonding.
b. It is the weakest force of attraction between molecules.
c. These forces are present between all types of molecules
due to the movement of electrons.
d. It a force of attraction that result from temporary dipole
moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules.
8. What bond is often described as a strong electrostatic
dipole–dipole interaction?
a. covalent bond c. dispersion
b. dipole-dipole d. hydrogen bond
9. What process illustrates the transformation of a
substance from a liquid to gas?
a. condensation b. freezing
c. melting d. vaporization
10. What process illustrates the transformation of a
substance from a liquid to solid?
a. condensation b. freezing
c. melting d. vaporization

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