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#14 Raid

The document provides an overview of RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), explaining its purpose in enhancing performance and data redundancy through various techniques such as mirroring, parity, and data striping. It outlines different RAID levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10) and their respective advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing the importance of reliability, availability, performance, and capacity in RAID systems. The content serves as an educational resource for understanding the fundamentals of RAID in networking courses.

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11 views18 pages

#14 Raid

The document provides an overview of RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), explaining its purpose in enhancing performance and data redundancy through various techniques such as mirroring, parity, and data striping. It outlines different RAID levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10) and their respective advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing the importance of reliability, availability, performance, and capacity in RAID systems. The content serves as an educational resource for understanding the fundamentals of RAID in networking courses.

Uploaded by

rhood2656
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BEGINNER TO EXPERT GUARANTEED

NETWORKING COURSE
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DESCRIPTION
SUBSCRIBE!!! #14 RAID (0,1,2,3,4,5,10)
Redundant Array of Independent Disk
(RAID)

2
RAID : Redundant Array of
Independent Disk
RAID, or “Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks” is a technique which makes use of a
combination of multiple disks instead of using a single disk for increased performance,
data redundancy or both.
Why Data Redundancy?

in case of disk failure, if the same data is also backed up onto


another disk, we can retrieve the data and go on with the
operation. On the other hand, if the data is spread across just
multiple disks without the RAID technique, the loss of a
single disk can affect the entire data.
Key evaluation points for a RAID
System
•Reliability: How many disk faults can the system tolerate?

•Availability: What fraction of the total session time is a system


in uptime mode, i.e. how available is the system for actual use?

•Performance: How good is the response time? How high is the


throughput (rate of processing work)? Note that performance
contains a lot of parameters and not just the two.

•Capacity: Given a set of N disks each with B blocks, how much


useful capacity is available to the user?
Mirroring

 Duplicate every disk

 Logical disk consists of two physical disks.

 Every write is carried out on both disks.

 If one of the disk fails, data read from the other

Data permanently lost only if the second disk fails


before the first failed disk is replaced.
Parity

Parity computations are used in RAID


drive arrays for fault tolerance by
calculating the data in two drives and
storing the results on a third. The
parity is computed by XOR'ing a bit
from drive 1 with a bit from drive 2 and
storing the result on drive 3
DATA STRIPING
Fundamental to RAID

A method of concatenating multiple drives into one logical


storage unit.

Splitting the bits of each byte across multiple disks:


bit – level striping
e.g. an array of eight disks, write bit i of each byte to disk I

 Sectors are eight times the normal size

 Eight times the access rate

 Similarly for blocks of file, block-level striping


RAID
LEVELS

 Data are distributed across the array of disk drives

Redundant disk capacity is used to store parity information, which


guarantees data recoverability in case of a disk failure

Levels decided according to schemes to provide redundancy at lower


cost by using striping and “parity” bits

 Different cost-performance trade-offs


RAID 0

Striping at the level of blocks


Data split across in drives resulting in higher data throughput
Performance is very good but the failure of any disk in the array results
in data loss
RAID 0 commonly referred to as striping
Reliability Problems : No mirroring or parity bits
RAID 1

• Introduce redundancy through


mirroring
• Expensive
• Performance Issues
-- No data loss if either drive fails
– Good read performance
– Reasonable write performance
• Cost / MB is high
• Commonly referred to as
“mirroring”
RAID 1(Mirrored)

strip 0 strip 1 strip 2 strip 3


strip 4 strip 5 strip 6 strip 7
strip 8 strip 9 strip 10 strip 11
strip 12 strip 13 strip 14 strip 15

strip 0 strip 1 strip 2 strip 3


strip 4 strip 5 strip 6 strip 7
strip 8 strip 9 strip 10 strip 11
strip 12 strip 13 strip 14 strip 15
RAID 2

• Uses Hamming (or any other) error-


correcting code (ECC)

• Intended for use in drives which do not


have built-in error detection

•Central idea is if one of the disks fail


the remaining bits of the byte and the
associated ECC bits can be used to
reconstruct the data
RAID 3
• Improves upon RAID 2, known as Bit-Interleaved Parity
•Disk Controllers can detect whether a sector has been read correctly.
• Storage overhead is reduced – only 1 parity disk
• Expense of computing and writing parity
• Need to include a dedicated parity hardware
RAID 4

•Stripes data at a block level across several drives,


with parity stored on one drive- block-interleaved
parity

• Allows recovery from the failure of any of the disks

• Performance is very good for reads

•Writes require that parity data be updated each time.


Slows small random writes but large writes are fairly fast
RAID 5

•Spreads data and parity among all N+1


disks, rather than storing data in N disks
and parity in 1 disk

•Avoids potential overuse of a single


parity disk

• Most common parity RAID system


RAID 10
• Advantages
– Highly fault tolerant
– High data availability
– Very good read / write performance

• Disadvantages
– Very expensive

• Applications
– Where high performance and redundancy
are critical
Hope Guys You got the point of the Video
On Next Video :- What is NAT?

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