Introduction To Ai & ML
Introduction To Ai & ML
Prepared by
Aamir Ajaz Malik
IT Trainer/Consultant
+916005352220
AI- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
WHAT IS AI?
Product Recommendations
Amazon, Flipkart, and other e-commerce platforms use AI to
suggest products based on a customer’s browsing history,
purchase patterns, and preferences.
Example: If a customer buys a smartphone, they might be
recommended accessories like a case or earphones.
Algorithm Used: Collaborative Filtering, Content-Based Filtering,
and Deep Learning techniques power these recommendation
engines.
ENTERTAINMENT
Netflix/YouTube Recommendations
AI analyzes user behavior (e.g., watch history, likes, duration spent
watching) to suggest personalized content.
Example: Netflix recommends shows you might like based on
genres or actors in your watch history. Similarly, YouTube suggests
videos based on viewing patterns and engagement metrics.
Real-world Example: The Netflix Recommendation Engine
reportedly drives over 80% of the platform's viewership.
KEY CONCEPTS OF ML
Supervised Learning
Learning with labeled data.
Example: Teach a system to differentiate between cats and dogs using a
dataset of labeled images.
Unsupervised Learning
Learning without labels, finding hidden patterns
Example: Grouping students based on their test performance (clustering)
Reinforcement Learning:
Learning by trial and error to maximize rewards
Example: Training robots to play chess.
HOW SUPERVISED LEARNING WORKS
Training Data:
The dataset contains inputs (features) and outputs (labels).
Example: In a dataset predicting house prices:
Inputs (features): Square footage, number of bedrooms, location.
Output (label): Price of the house.
Model Training
The algorithm analyzes the patterns in the input data and learns the mapping to the
corresponding outputs.
Prediction:
Once trained, the model can predict outputs for new input data
Evaluation:
The model's performance is tested on a separate dataset (test set) by comparing
predicted outputs with actual outputs.
TYPES OF SUPERVISED LEARNING
1. Regression
2. Used when the output is continuous
Examples:Predicting house prices based on size, location, and
number of rooms.
Forecasting stock prices.
COMMON ALGORITHMS:
•Linear Regression
•Polynomial Regression
•Support Vector Regression (SVR)
LINEAR REGRESSION
Y=β0+β1X+ϵ
Y: Dependent variable (target)
X: Independent variable (feature)
β0: Intercept (value of YYY when X=0X = 0X=0)
β1: Slope of the line (indicates the rate of change of YYY with respect to XXX)
ϵ: Error term (accounts for variability not captured by the model)
TYPES OF LINEAR REGRESSION
•No Labels: The data used has only input variables (features) and no corresponding target
labels.
•Learning Patterns: The algorithm identifies patterns, structures, or groupings in the data.
•Exploratory Analysis: Often used for understanding the dataset or discovering unknown
patterns.
TYPES OF UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
•Definition: The process of grouping data points into clusters based on similarity.
•Goal: Ensure that data points in the same cluster are more similar to each other
than to those in other clusters.
•Examples:
•Customer segmentation in marketing.
•Grouping genes with similar behavior in biology.
Popular Clustering Algorithms:
•K-Means Clustering: Partitions data into kkk clusters.
•Hierarchical Clustering: Builds a tree-like structure of clusters.
•DBSCAN: Groups based on density and handles noise in the data.
DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION
•Definition: The process of reducing the number of features in a
dataset while preserving important information.
•Goal: Simplify the dataset for visualization, faster computation, or
removing redundant features.
•Examples:
•Visualizing high-dimensional data in 2D or 3D.
•Reducing data dimensions in image compression.
Popular Dimensionality Reduction Techniques:
•Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Finds new axes (principal
components) that maximize variance.
•t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding): Reduces
dimensions for visualization by preserving local structure.
•Autoencoders: Neural networks used to learn efficient data
representations.
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