Hawassa University

CoTM Department
CONTRACTS, SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY SURVEYING

DESALEGN GIRMA (LECTURER)

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (M.TECH)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (B.SC.)

A.Y 2012/2013

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 Course content (the description)

• Principles of contract law as applied to Civil

Engineering: types of constriction contract.
Specification writing, subject matter of civil
engineering specifications. Quantity
surveying: material take-off preparation and
writing bill of quantities.
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 Contracts, Specifications and Quantity Surveying

Course Outline
1. Contracts
1.1 definition and relationships
1.2 Basic Requirement of Contract
1.3 Contract Management Process
1.4 Standard Bidding Document (PPA’s)
2. Construction Specifications and Method of
Measurement
3. Quantity Surveying and Focus on BaTCoDA
Method of Measurement
 I. Contract
1. Definition and Relationship
i. Definition
• Contract is a written agreement between
or among two or more parties whereby
each party promises to do or not to do
something and agrees to terms (conditions
and Warranties) set out in the contract.

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Definition (cont’d)
• Conditions of Contract are terms in which
parties in the contract are governed /
administered with. That is, it is an
administrative law which is the legally binding
part of the contract.
• These promises and terms shall be
enforceable by law and incorporates the
rights, obligations and Remedial rights of each
contracting parties. (Which is discussed in
relationship part)

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ii. Contract Relationship
Contracting parties in construction:
 The Client (sometimes called the Promoter or
Employer)
 The Contractor
 The Consultant

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Relationships Between the Parties:

 There is a formal legal contract between the Client and the

Contractor
 There is a formal legal contract between the Client and the
Consultant
 There is no formal legal contract between the Contractor and
the Consultant

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10
Contract Relationships (Roles and Responsibilities)

The Client:
 Is the project initiator and usually the owner

 Is responsible for appointing the Consultant (“The Engineer”)

 Selects the Contractor

 Ensures the Site is available for the Contractor

 Agrees to any necessary changes to the Contract

 Arranges payments as required under the Contracts to both

the Contractor and Consultant
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Contract Relationships (Roles and Responsibilities)
The Contractor:
 Is required to carry out the Works within the specified time
in accordance with the Contract’s requirements and to the
satisfaction of the Engineer
 Is required, through a competent and authorised person to
manage/control the construction of the Work. This involves:

 obtaining required materials

 programming the Works/tasks
 Setting targets for both productivity and costs
 organizing necessary resource
 Is responsible for safety of all Site operations and methods of
construction
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Contract Relationships (Roles and Responsibilities)

The Engineer:
 Is not party to the construction Contract, but to a separate
agreement with the Client ( i.e. part of procurement of service)

 Is required to exercise all reasonable skill, care and diligence and

act fairly as an intermediary between the Client and the Contractor

 The Conditions of Contract define the powers and responsibilities of

the Engineer. These powers and responsibilities involve two distinct
roles”

 the Engineer acts as a representative of the Client, e.g.

issuing drawing; giving permission for sub-contracting

 the Engineer acts independently, such as valuer, certifier and

adjudicator 13
Contract Relationships (Roles and Responsibilities)

The Engineer:
 Has no power to relieve the Contractor of any of his
contractual obligations
 Provides general Contract Administration, ensuring
compliance by the Contractor with time and quality
obligations
 Acts as a Certifier
 Acts as a Dispute Settler

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 Contract Relationships
The Rights and Obligations of the Client, the Contractor and the
Engineer:
 It is important that all involved in a Contract are aware of their rights and
obligations
 It is particularly important that the Client is aware of his involvement and
where he is required to act.
 Untimely action may lead to delays and increases in cost. The main
requirements are:
 those clauses defined in the Conditions of Contract and in the consultant’s services
agreement where the Engineer is required to seek the specific approval of the
Employer before exercising such authority
 the provision of drawings and instructions relating to the Employer’s design of the
permanent works within a reasonable time
 handing over the Site and access to enable the contractor to commence and
proceed with the execution of the works in accordance with the programme
 payment to the Contractor, and possibly sub-contractors, of the amount certified by
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the Engineer.
 Contract Relationships
Client’s Specific Rights and Obligations

Rights
 To be notified about the appointment of Engineer’s Representative and
assistants
 To give consent to assignment of the Contract
 To require the Contractor to complete a Contract Agreement
 To require the Contractor to provide a Performance Security
 To be consulted by the Engineer on determinations of additional costs
and/or extensions of time
 To take out insurances (at the Contractor’s cost) in the event of the
Contractor’s non performance
 To deduct Liquidated Damages for delay from payments due to
Contractor
 To employ others to carry out remedial works if Contractor doesn’t do
them
 To terminate the Contract upon various force majures
 To proceed to arbitration if dissatisfied with an Engineer’s decision 16
 Contract Relationships
Client’s Specific Rights and Obligations

Obligations
 To appoint the Engineer
 To define those duties of the Engineer which require prior
approval
 To make the Site available
 To be responsible for his own workmen on Site
 To define time(s) for completion
 To make payments within 28 days of receipt of Interim Payment
Certificates
 To attempt to reach amicable settlement prior to arbitration

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 Contract Relationships
Contractor’s Specific Rights and Obligations

Rights
 To be notified of the appointment of Engineer’s Representative and
assistants
 To be consulted by the Engineer on determinations of additional costs
and/or extensions of time
 To seek consent for work at night or on rest days
 To give notice of substantial completion
 To be paid the value of the Works determined by measurement
 To receive payments within 28 days of receipt of Interim Payment
Certificates
 To proceed to arbitration if dissatisfied with an Engineer’s decision
 To determine employment under the Contract in the event of default
by the Employer

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 Contract Relationships
Contractor’s Specific Rights and Obligations

Obligations
 To seek the Employer’s prior consent to assignment of the
Contract
 To execute the Works with due diligence, remedy defects, and
provide all things required
 To take full responsibility for operations and methods
 To execute and complete the Works in accordance with the
Contract and comply with the Engineer’s instructions
 To accept instructions only from the Engineer
 To submit a programme and (if required) method statement
 To submit a revised programme if requested
 To suspend the Works if instructed
 To submit detailed particulars of claims
 To submit monthly statements of amounts due
 To attempt to reach amicable settlement prior to arbitration

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 Contract Relationships
Engineer’s Specific Rights and Obligations

Rights
 To exercise the authority to be implied from the Contract
 To issue instructions to the Contractor as necessary
 To request a revised programme
 To require replacement of any member of the Contractor’s staff if
necessary
 To instruct tests on materials
 To instruct a suspension of the Works
 To notify the Contractor to expedite progress
 To make variations he considers appropriate
 To value claims
 To correct or modify Interim Payment Certificates
 To certify if the Contractor is in default etc

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 Contract Relationships
Engineer’s Specific Rights and Obligations

Obligations
 To obtain the Employer’s specific approval when required
 To appoint the Engineer’s Representative
 To determine additional costs and/or extensions of time when appropriate
 To issue the Taking-Over Certificate or instruct the contractor to complete
outstanding works
 To make variations he considers necessary
 To value variations
 To determine the value of the Works by measurement
 To prepare Interim Payment Certificates
 To issue the Defects Liability Certificate
 To give an Engineer’s Decision within the stipulated time stated in the
Contract
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2. Basic requirements for
a contract
Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract

Promises &
Capable Consideration Legal &
& Lawful Distinct
Offer &
Standard, if Acceptance
any

Intent &
Agreement

Contract
Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract ( Cont…)

Capable &
Lawful

Parties entering into contract

shall be capable of contracting

Minor / Infant
Non – Eligible
Mentally Disable

Contract
 Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract ( Cont…)

Legal & Distinct

Object of the contract shall be

sufficiently defined, possible
and lawful

Drawings
Bill of Quantity
 The contract has a legal objective Technical Specification
Terms & Conditions
Contract
Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract ( Cont…)

Promises &
considerations

To carry out and / or vary or

exchange and / or extinguish
something for a certain
Promises compensation Considerations
Constructing a building Payment
Constructing a road Other Benefits
Constructing a dam Exchanges
Demolishing a bridge Rewards

 An exchange of an act or promise

of an act (a consideration) such as
Contract
a promise to perform works in
exchange for a benefit (payment)
Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract ( Cont…)

Offer &
Acceptance

Willingness to be bound by
specific terms set out &
indication of consent.
offer Acceptance
Form of Tender
Conditional Acceptance
Priced BoQs
Unconditional Acceptance
Bid Security
Alternative, if any

Contract
Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract ( Cont…)

Standards ,If
any

Contract forms prescribed

by law.

Terms
Technical specifications
Forms, Formats, Schedules
Instructions

Contract
Requirements to be fulfilled in a contract ( Cont…)

Intent &
Agreement

Consent of contracting
parties is necessary

Signature
Sealing (Optional for
Individuals)
The parties have a clear intent to
create a legal relationship and to be
bound by the contract
Contract
3. Contract Management
Process
 Contract Management Process

Contra
Negation Closing of accounts

Contra Closing
Contract agreement Contract evaluation

ct
ct of
admini
Formul contrac
stratio
ation t
Contract Implementation
Change management

n Claim & dispute management

 Contract Formulation

Contract Formulation: involves two sub processes, namely;

Negotiation and Signing of Contract Agreement.

Negotiation is a process by which Project Owners together with

their professional representatives’ deal with the recommended
winner of the tender on the requirements of the tender
exclusively which will become the bases for contractual
agreements.
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Contract Formulation

Negotiations

Offer Acceptance

Promises   Consideration

Contract Agreement
Contract Administration

 Preparation and startup

 Implementation and quality assurance
 Contract Administration

Preparation and Start up

1. Review the contract documents
 Identify Contractual Responsibilities of Stakeholders
 Determine and Understand the construction components of the project
 Identify Contract discrepancies
2. Review submitted / Prepare Work, Resources programs
 Consider contract discrepancies
 Determine Crew following the construction method selected
 Develop Organization Breakdowns
 Identify various resources and financial sources
 Revise / Prepare Programs and get approval
 Contract Administration

Reviewing the Contract Documents

1. Identify Contractual Responsibilities of

Stakeholders
 Review the terms of the contract conditions
 Review the terms of references
 Contract Administration

Reviewing the contract document

2. Determine and Understand the construction

components of the project
 Review the contract drawings and technical specifications
 Develop Work breakdown structures
 Extract the construction methods and sequences of
operations
 Prepare overall construction methods and overall
sequences sheet
 Contract Administration

Reviewing the Contract Documents

3. Identify Contract Discrepancies

 Compare design or plan and actual site conditions
 Compare specification, bill of quantities and drawings
 Determine potential extra works, excess in quantities,
variations (additions and omissions)
 Determine potential design changes, cost overrun, time
overrun
 Communicate findings to Consultant and Employer
 Request clarifications and amendments, if necessary
 Contract Administration

Review submitted / Prepare programs

1. Consider contract discrepancies (at least for in house
planning)
 Determine when these discrepancies affect the program
 Assume how fast shall the response be on clarifications and
amendments
 Communicate your assessment on the impact of these
discrepancies
 Contract Administration

Review submitted / Prepare Programs

2. Determine Crew following the construction method
selected
 Define work components into self and sub contract
 Determine sub contractors for sub contracts
 Define standard crews for use ( you may refer available
national standard crews)
 Define Labor and Equipment requirements and their
productivities
 Determine schedules per crews
 Contract Administration

Review submitted / Prepare programs

3. Identify resources and financial sources

 Determine type and quantity of resources
 Decide on Head office Vs Site Supplies
 Decide on Self purchase Vs Suppliers Credit for materials
 Decide on Owned Vs Rented options for Equipments
 Contract Administration

Review submitted / Prepare programs

4. Revise / Prepare Programs and Get Approval

 Determine sequences of operations
 Determine resources requirements
 Prepare the program and get it approved
 Introduce and make known your program to all involved
(a continuous process)
 Contract Administration

Implementation and Quality Assurance

1. Carry out Obligations
2. Request Rights as early as possible
3. Demand and Obtain Remedial Rights
 Contract Administration

Implementation and Quality Assurance

1. Carry out Obligations
• Construction Methods, Resources and Works Approval on time
• Study Instructions and Orders; Process and Plan for
Implementation; Submit impact and Execute as per agreement
• Carry out works in accordance with the contractual conditions
and schedules of requirements
• Record, Supervise or Monitor and Evaluate progresses of
mobilizations, supply of resources and construction works
• Measure completed works
• Insure works, resources, sites and third parties
 Contract Administration
.

Implementation and Quality Assurance

2. Request Rights as early as possible

• Submit clarifications with possible interventions
• Request for joint assessment of critical issues
• Request payments
 Contract Administration
.

Implementation and Quality Assurance

3. Demand and Obtain Remedial Rights

• Notify intent to claim
• Submit substantiated claims when effect (s) occurred
• Use amicable settlement as much as possible for dispute
settlement
 Contract Closing

 Acceptances and completion

 Outstanding issues settlements
 Closing accounts
 Contract Evaluation
 Extra Contractual Liabilities
 Contract Closing

Acceptances and Completions

1. Provisional / Temporary Acceptances (Partial + Total)

2. Provisional / Temporary Completion Certificates
(Partial + Total)
3. Remedying of defects
4. Final Acceptance
5. Final Completion Certificates
 Contract Closing

Outstanding Issues Settlement

1. Temporary rates assigned

2. Defects or non completions valuations
3. Payments Withheld
4. Claim issues unsettled
5. Dispute issues unsettled
 Contract Closing

Closing of Accounts

1. Final Completion Certificate Issued

2. All Payments and Entitlements made
3. Retentions, Bonds and Guarantees Released
 Contract Closing

Contract Evaluations

1. Evaluate Contracts Closed

2. Determine Lesson Learned
3. Propose Interventions
 Contract Closing

Extra Contractual Liabilities

1. Limitation of Actions
2. Professional fault
3. Warranty due by the contractor
4. Warranty in respect of defects of construction
 Contract Closing

Limitation of Action (Art. 1845 & 1846; Civil Code)

1. Unless Otherwise provided by law, actions for the performance of a
contract, actions based on the non – performance of a contract and
actions for the invalidation of a contract shall be barred if not brought
within 10 years.
2. The period of limitation shall run from the day when the obligation is due
or the rights under the contract could be exercised.
54
 Contract Closing

Professional fault (Art. 2031; Civil Code)

1. A person practicing a profession or a specific activity shall, in the

practice of such profession or activity, observe the rules
governing that practice.
2. He shall be liable where, due regard being had to scientific facts
or the accepted rules of the practice of his profession, he is
guilty of imprudence or of negligence constituting definite
ignorance of his duties.
56
 Contract Closing

Warranty due by the contractor (Art. 3039; Civil Code)

1. The Contractor shall guarantee during ten years from its delivery
the proper execution and the solidity of the work done by him.
2. He shall be liable during this period for such loss or deterioration
of the work as is due to a defect in its execution or to the nature
of the soil on which the work has been done.
3. Any provision shortening the period laid down in 1 above or
excluding the warranty due by the contractor shall be of no
effect.
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 Contract Closing

Warranty in respect of defects of construction

(Art. 3282; Civil Code )
1. Unless Otherwise provided, the contractor shall be liable to the
administrative authorities for the defects of construction of the works
during 10 years from the day on which they have entered into
possession of the works.
2. The warranty shall not be due, however, in respect of the defects which
were apparent at the time of the final acceptance of works.
3. The warranty shall apply to such defects only as prevent the works from
being used for the purpose mentioned in the contract or as render such
use more onerous or less profitable.
60
STANDARD BIDDING
DOCUMENT
(PPA’s)
 Scope and Value of the SBD

It is suitable for works valued at up to US$10 million.

This SBD is not suitable for the following situations:

Complex works under US$10 million, such as large
water treatment
plants;
Works over US$10 million;
Works designed by the Contractor, including turnkey
contracts.
 The SBD of PPA for Works Comprises of:

Three (3) parts with Nine (9) sections:

Part 1 Comprises the First 5 Sections

Part 2 Comprises section 6 and
Part 3 comprises Sections 7, 8 & 9

Accordingly, From part 1

Section 1-ITB
Section 2 BDS
Section 3 Evaluation & Qualification Criteria
Section 4 Bidding Forms
Section 5 Eligible Countries
Part 2: Comprises of Schedule of
Requirements:

Scope of Works
Technical Specifications
Drawings
Bill of Quantities/Activity Schedule
Part 3
Section 7-GCC (General conditions of Contract)
Section 8-SCC (Special Conditions of Contract)
Section 9- Contract Forms
Agreement
Contract Security
Performance Bond
Advance Payment Security
Section 7-GCC (General Conditions of Contract)
of PPA:

The GCC generally comprises of 62 clauses

General

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1. Definition
“there around 31 terminologies”
among these;

“Adjudicator”: Person appointed jointly by the

Employer & Contractor to resolve disputes in the first
instance
“Equipment” Contractor’s machinery & vehicles
brought temporarily to the Site to construct the Works.
“Materials” are all supplies, including consumables,
used by the Contractor for incorporation in the Works.

“Plant” any integral part of the Works that shall have a

mechanical, electrical, chemical, or biological
function.
2. The documents forming the Contract shall be
interpreted in the
following order of priority:
(1) Agreement,
(2) Letter of Acceptance,
(3) Contractor’s Bid,
(4) Special Conditions of Contract,
(5) General Conditions of Contract,
(6) Specifications,
(7) Drawings,
(8) Bill of Quantities or Activity Schedule, and
(9)Any other document listed in the Special
Conditions of Contract
as forming part of the Contract
3. Language and Law

The language of the Contract is Amharic and the law

governing the Contract is that of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
 The legal system

The legal system in Ethiopia

The law interpreters The law enforcers

The lawmakers (legislative)
(Judiciary) (Executive)

Legislative Interpretation (The

Constitutional laws House of Federation, the
Parliament)
The executives Division of power in
the Constitution

The parliament Judiciary Interpretation

Statutory laws (proclamations)
(The Courts) Citizens

Bodies designated by the parliament Doctrinal Interpretation

Non statutory (subsidiary) laws (Legal scholars in critical
(regulations) analysis)

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4. Engineer’s Decision
The Engineer will decide contractual matters between
the Employer & the Contractor in the role representing
the Employer.
5. Delegation
The Engineer may delegate any of his duties &
responsibilities to other people except to the
Adjudicator, after notifying the Contractor, and may
cancel it as well;
6.Communications

Communications between parties that are referred to

in the Conditions shall be effective only when in
writing.

7.Subcontracting

The Contractor may subcontract with the approval of

the Engineer, but may not assign the Contract
without the approval of the Employer in writing.
 8. Other contractors

The Contractor shall cooperate and share the Site

with other contractors,

The Contractor shall also provide facilities & services

for them as described in the Schedule.

The Employer may modify the Schedule of Other

Contractors, & shall notify the Contractor of any such
modification.
9. Personnel

The Contractor shall employ the key personnel named

in the Schedule of Key Personnel, to carry out the
functions stated.

The Engineer will approve any proposed replacement of

key personnel only if their relevant qualifications &
abilities are substantially equal to or better than those
listed in the Schedule.
If the Engineer asks the Contractor:
to remove a person
who is a member of the Contractor’s staff
or work force,
stating the reasons,
the Contractor shall ensure that the
person leaves the Site within seven days
and has no further connection with the work in
the Contract.
 11. Employer’s Risks

Unless otherwise specified in the SCC, from the Start

Date until the Defects Correction Certificate has been
issued, the following are Employer’s risks:
The risk of personal injury, death, or loss of or
damage to property, which are due to:
1. Use/occupation of the Site by the Works (for the
purpose of the Works) which is the unavoidable
result of the Works, or
2. Negligence, breach of statutory duty, by the
Employer or by any person employed by him
except the Contractor;
The risk of damage to:
The Works,
Plant,
Materials, and
Equipment to the extent that it is due to:
a fault of the Employer or
in the Employer’s design, or
due to war or radioactive contamination
Directly affecting the country where the Works
are to be executed.
From the completion Date until the Defects Correction
certificate has been issued, the risk of loss of or
damage to the Works, Plant, and Materials is an
Employer’s risk except loss or damage due to:
A Defect which existed on the Completion Date,
An event occurring before the Completion Date, which
was not
itself an Employer’s risk, or
The activities of the Contractor on the Site after the
Completion
Date.
 12. Contractor’s Risk

From the Starting Date until the Defects Correction

Certificate has been issued,
The risks of personal injury,
Death, and
Loss of or damage to property

(including, without limitation, the Works, Plant,

Materials, and Equipment)

Which are not Employer’s risks are Contractor’s risks.

 13. Insurance
The Contractor shall provide:

In the joint names of the Employer and the Contractor,

insurance cover
from the Start Date to the end of the Defects Liability
Period,

For the following events which are due to

the Contractor’s risks:
Loss of / damage to the Works, Plant, and
Materials;
Loss of / damage to Equipment;
Loss of / damage to property in connection with
the Contract;
Personal injury or death.
Policies and certificates for insurance shall be delivered:
by the Contractor
to the Engineer
for the Engineer’s approval

Before the Start Date.

All such insurance shall:

Provide for compensation to be payable

In the types & proportions of
Currencies required
To rectify the loss or damage incurred.
If the Contractor does not provide:

Any of the policies &

certificates required,
The Employer may:

Effect the insurance

Which the Contractor should have provided &
Recover the premiums

From payments otherwise due to the Contractor

or,
If no payment is due:
the payment of the premiums shall be a debt due.

Alterations to the terms of insurance

shall not be made without the approval of the

Engineer.

Both parties shall comply with any conditions of

the insurance policies.
17. The Works to Be Completed by the Intended
Completion Date
The Contractor may Commence execution of the Works
on the Start Date
&
shall carry out the Works
in accordance with the Program submitted by the
Contractor,
As updated with the approval of the Engineer,
&
Complete them by the Intended Completion Date.
19. Safety
The Contractor shall be responsible for the safety
of all activities on the Site.

20. Discoveries

Anything of:
Historical/significant value
Unexpectedly discovered on the Site
Shall be the property of the Employer.

The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of such

discoveries and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for
dealing with them.
 21.Possession of the site
The Employer shall give possession of the Site to the
Contractor.
If possession of a part is:
Not given
by the date stated in the approved work program,
The Employer will be deemed

to have delayed the start of the relevant activities, &

This will be a Compensation Event.

22.Access to the site

The Contractor shall allow:

The Engineer/ any person authorized by him

Access to the Site & to any place

where work in connection with the Contract is
being carried out/ is intended to be carried
out.
 23. Instructions
The Contractor shall carry out:
All instructions of the Engineer,
Which comply with the applicable laws

Where the Site is located.

24. Disputes
If the Contractor believes that:
A decision taken by the Engineer was
Either outside the authority given to him or
The decision was wrongly taken,
The decision shall be referred to the
Adjudicator
within 14 days
of the notification of the Engineer’s decision.
 25.Procedure for Disputes
The Adjudicator shall give:
A decision in writing
within 28 days of receipt of a notification of a dispute;

The Adjudicator shall be paid on hourly bases, together

with reimbursable expenses;
The cost shall be divided:
Equally between the parties,

Whatever decision is reached by the Adjudicator.

Either party May Refer:

A decision of the Adjudicator

To an Arbitrator
Within 28 days of

The Adjudicator’s written decision.

If neither party:
Refers the dispute to Arbitration
Within the above 28 days,
The Adjudicator’s decision will be
Final and binding.
The arbitration shall be conducted:

in accordance with the Arbitration procedure

published by the institution named &
in the place shown in the SCC.
 26.Replacement of Adjudicator

If the Adjudicator:

Resign or Die, or is not functioning

in accordance with the provisions of the Contract,

A new Adjudicator will be jointly Appointed by the

parties.
In case of disagreement between the
parties,

Within 30 days,
The Adjudicator shall be designated
By the Appointing Authority
Designated in the SCC

At the request of either party,

within 14 days of receipt of such request.
 Time Control Clauses
 Program
 Extension of the intended completion date
 Acceleration
 Delays ordered by the Engineer
 Management Meetings
 Early warning

96
27. Program
Within the time stated,
The Contractor shall submit
To the Engineer for approval,

A Program showing

The General Methods,

Arrangements,
Order, &
Timing
For all the Activities in the Works.
An update of the Program:
Shall be a program
Showing the Actual progress Achieved
On each activity,
Including:
Any changes to the sequence of the activities;
The Contractor shall submit
To the Engineer for Approval
An updated Program
At intervals no longer than the period stated in
the SCC.
If the Contractor:

Fails to submit An updated Program,

The Engineer May:
Withhold the Amount stated in the SCC
From the next payment certificate

Until the Program has been submitted.

The Engineer’s Approval of the Program:

Shall not alter the Contractor’s obligations.
The Contractor may:
Revise the Program &
Submit it to the Engineer Again at any time.

A revised Program shall show:

The effect of Variations & Compensation
Events.
 28. Extension of the Intended Completion Date
The Engineer shall:
Extend the Intended Completion Date if:
a Compensation Event occurs
or
a Variation is issued

Which makes it impossible

For Completion to be achieved by the Intended Date
Without the Contractor taking steps
To accelerate the remaining work,
The Engineer shall decide:

By how much to extend,

The Completion Date
Within 21 days of the Contractor’s request
submitted with full supporting information.
If the Contractor has failed:
To give early warning of a delay
Failed to cooperate in dealing with a delay,
The delay by this failure
Shall not be considered in assessing the new
Completion Date
 29.Acceleration
When the Employer wants:
The Contractor to finish before the Intended
Completion Date,
The Engineer will:
Obtain priced proposals
For achieving the necessary acceleration from the
Contractor.
If the Employer accepts these proposals:
 The Completion Date will be adjusted accordingly;

 The priced proposals are incorporated in the

Contract Price &
treated as a Variation.
 30. Delays Ordered by the Engineer

The Engineer may instruct the Contractor to delay the

start/progress of any activity within the Works
31.Management Meetings
Either party may require the other to attend a
management meeting.
The business of such meetings shall be to review the
plans for remaining work & to deal with other important
matters;

The Engineer shall record such meetings & provide

copies of the record to those attending the meeting & to
the Employer.
 32.Early warning
The Contractor shall warn: The Engineer
At the earliest opportunity of likely future events
That may Adversely affect:
 The quality,
 Increase the Contract Price or
 Delay the execution of the Works.
The Contractor may be required to provide:
An estimate of the expected effect of such events
On the Contract Price &
Completion Date. &
This estimate shall be provided as soon as reasonably
posible.

The Contractor shall cooperate with the Engineer in

making & considering proposals for how the effect of such an
event can be avoided;
 Quality Control
 Identifying Defects
 Tests
 Correction of Defects
 Uncorrected Defects

106
33. Identifying Defects
The Engineer shall check the work & notify the Contractor of
any Defects.
Such checking shall not affect the Contractor’s
responsibilities.
The Engineer may instruct the Contractor to uncover & test
any work that may have a Defect.
 34.Tests
If the Engineer instructs the Contractor to carry out a test,
not specified in the Specification, to check whether any
work has a Defect &

The test shows that it does,

“The Contractor shall pay for the test & any samples”

If there is no Defect:
The test shall be a Compensation Event.
 35. Correction of Defects

The Engineer shall give notice to the Contractor of any

Defects before the end of the Defects Liability
Period.

The Defects Liability Period shall be extended for “as

Long as Defects remain to be corrected”.
Every time notice of a Defect is given, the Contractor
shall correct the notified Defect within the length
of time specified by the Engineer’s notice.
 36. Uncorrected Defects
If the Contractor has not corrected a Defect within the time
specified:

The Engineer will assess “The cost of having the Defect

corrected”

&
The Contractor “Will pay this amount.”
 Cost Control
  Currencies
Change in Bill of Quantity
 Variations  Price adjustment
 payment for variations  Retention
 Cash Flow forecasts  Liquidated Damages
 Payment Certificates  Bonus
 Payments  Advance payment
 Compensation Events  Securities
 Tax  Day works
 Cost of repairs

111
 38.Change in the Bill of Quantities

If the final quantity of the work done: Differs from the

quantity in the BoQ,

for a particular item,

by >25%, &
The change exceeds 5% of the Initial Contract Price,

The Engineer shall adjust the rate to allow for the change.
The Engineer shall not adjust rates if:

The Initial Contract Price is “exceeded by > 15%”,

Except “with the prior approval” of the Employer.

If requested by the Engineer, the Contractor shall:

Provide a detailed cost breakdown of any rate in the

BoQ;
 40 Payment for Variations

The Contractor shall provide a quotation for carrying out

the Variation when requested to do so.

The Engineer shall:

Assess the quotation,

Which shall be given within 7 days or
within any longer period stated by the Engineer &
before the Variation is ordered.
If the work in the Variation Corresponds:

With an item description in the BoQ

&
If the quantity of work is within 125% or

The timing of its execution do not cause the cost/ unit

quantity to change,

The rate in the BoQ shall be used to calculate the value of

the Variation.
 If the cost per unit of quantity changes, or
If the nature or Timing of the work in the Variation does
not
correspond with items in the BoQ;
The quotation by the Contractor shall be in the form of
new rates;

If the Contractor’s quotation is unreasonable:

The Engineer may order the Variation & make a change to
the Contract Price,
Which shall be based on:
The Engineer’s own forecast of the effects of the Variation.
If the Engineer decides that:

The urgency of varying the work would prevent a quotation

being given &
considered without delaying the work,
No quotation shall be given &
The Variation shall be treated as a Compensation Event.
The Contractor shall not be entitled to additional
payment: for

Costs that could have been avoided by giving early warning.

 Payment Certificates

The Contractor shall submit:

Monthly statements of the value of the work executed

Less the cumulative amount certified previously.

The Engineer shall check the Contractor’s monthly

statement and certify the amount to be paid to the
Contractor.
The value of work executed shall include:

The valuation of Variations

&
Compensation Events.
The Engineer may :
“Exclude Any item certified” in a previous certificate
or
Reduce the proportion of any item previously certified
In any certificate in the light of later information.
:
Payments shall be adjusted for deductions for

Advance Payments
&
Retention

The Employer shall pay the Contractor:

The amounts certified within 30 days of the date of

each certificate.
If the Employer makes a late payment:

The Contractor shall be paid interest on the late

payment in the next payment.

Interest shall be calculated:

From the date by which the payment should have been

made
up to the date when the late payment is made
At the prevailing rate of interest for commercial
borrowing for each of the currencies in which
payments are made.
If an amount certified is increased:

In a later certificate
or
As a result of An award by the Adjudicator/Arbitrator,
The Contractor shall be paid interest upon the delayed
payment

Interest shall be calculated: From the date Upon

which
The increased amount would have been certified
in the absence of dispute.
 43.4 Blank/unfilled Rates

Items of the Works for which:

No Rate
or
No price has been entered in
Will not be paid for by the Employer
&
Shall be deemed covered by other rates & prices in
the Contract.
 Compensation Events
The Employer does not give access to the Site by the
Site Possession Date stated in the Contractor’s
approved work program.

The Employer modifies the Schedule of “Other

Contractors”
in a way that affects
The work of “the Contractor under the Contract.”
The Engineer orders “A delay” or
Does not issue “Drawings, Specifications, or
Instructions”
Required for execution of the Works on time.
The Engineer instructs the Contractor:
To uncover
or
To carry out additional Tests upon work,

Which is then found to have No Defects.

The Engineer unreasonably does not approve a

subcontract to be let.
The advance payment is delayed.
The “effects on the Contractor” of any of the Employer’s
Risks.
The Engineer unreasonably delays “issuing a Certificate of
Completion”.
Ground conditions are:

Substantially more adverse than could reasonably have

been assumed before issuance of the Letter of
Acceptance

From the information issued to bidders including:

“The Site Investigation Reports”,

“From information available publicly”

&
“From a visual inspection of the Site”
The Engineer Gives “An instruction” for dealing with:
An unforeseen condition, caused by the Employer,
or
Additional work required for safety or other reasons.
“Other contractors, public authorities, utilities, or the
Employer” does not work within the dates and other
constraints stated in the Contract, & they cause delay or
extra cost to the Contractor.

Other Compensation Events described in the SCC or

determined by the Engineer shall apply
If A Compensation Event Would:
Cause “Additional Cost”
or
Prevent The completion of work before the Intended
Completion Date,

The Contract Price shall be increased

&/or
The Completion Date shall be extended.
The Engineer shall decide whether and by how much:
The Contract Price shall be increased &/or
The Intended Completion Date shall be extended.
As soon as information demonstrating:
The effect of each Compensation Event upon the
Contractor’s forecast cost has been provided by
the Contractor,
It shall be assessed by the Engineer,
&
The Contract Price shall be adjusted Accordingly.
If the Contractor’s forecast is deemed
unreasonable,
“The Engineer shall adjust the CP based on the
Engineer’s own forecast”

The Engineer will assume that the Contractor will react

competently & promptly to the event.
 Clause 44.4

The Contractor shall not be entitled to compensation to

the extent that:

The Employer’s interests are adversely affected

By the Contractor’s not having given early warning

or
Not having cooperated with the Engineer.
 Clause 45 Taxes

Unless otherwise specified in the SCC, the

Engineer shall not adjust the Contract Price

If taxes, duties, and other levies are changed

That subsequently affect the CP.

 47 Price Adjustment

Prices shall be adjusted for fluctuations in the cost of

inputs only if provided for in the SCC.

If so provided, the amounts certified in each payment

certificate, after deducting for Advance Payment,
shall be adjusted by applying the respective price
adjustment factor to the payment amounts due

Ln Mn En
pn  A  b  c  d  etc.
Lo Mo Eo
Where:
pn is a price adjustment factor to be applied to the
amount for each payment certificate;
A is a Constant, specified in the Contractor’s Bid,
representing the nonadjustable portion in contractual
payments;
b, c, d, etc., are weightings or coefficients
representing
The estimated proportion of each cost element
(labour, materials, equipment usage, etc.) in the
Works or sections thereof,
The Sum of A, b, c, d, etc., shall be one
Ln, Mn, En, etc.,

Are the “current cost indices” or reference prices of

the cost elements at the date 28 days prior to the
deadline for bid submission; &
Lo, Mo, Eo, etc.,
Are the “base cost indices” or reference prices
corresponding to the above cost elements at the date
28 days prior to the last day of the period to which a
particular Interim Payment Certificate is related.
General Price Adjustment Formula
P = p x [1 + Price fluctuation factor]
(F - f) (L - l) (C - c) (S - s)
P = p x [1 + a ------- + b ------- + c ------- + d ------- ]
f l c s
Where,
P = New price
p = Old price
a.b.c.d = Specified proportions for fuel, labour,
material, construction plant and machinery
spares, or others as may be specified.
F.L.C.S= Current index for fuel, labour, material,
construction plant and machinery spares, or
others as may be specified.
f.l.c.s = Base index for fuel, labour, material,
construction plant and machinery spares, or
others as may be specified.
The sources of indices shall be:
Those listed in the Contractor’s Bid, As approved by
the Engineer.
Indices shall be appropriate for their purpose & shall
relate to the Contractor’s proposed source of supply of
inputs.
As the proposed basis for price adjustment:
“The Contractor shall have submitted with his bid the
tabulation of Weightings and Source of Indices, which
shall be subject to approval by the Engineer”
If the value of the index is changed after it has been
used in a calculation:

“The calculation shall be corrected

&
An adjustment made in the next payment certificate”

The index value shall be deemed to take account of all

changes in cost due to fluctuations in costs.
 48. Retention

The Employer shall retain:

From each payment due to the Contractor

The proportion stated in the SCC

Until Completion of the whole of the Works;

On completion of the whole of the Works:

Half the Total amount retained

Shall be repaid to the Contractor
&
Half when the Defects Liability Period has passed
&
The Engineer has certified that

All Defects notified by the Engineer to the Contractor before the end
of this period have been corrected.

On Completion of the whole Works, the Contractor may substitute

retention money with an “on demand” Bank guarantee.
 49. Liquidated Damages
The Contractor shall pay:
Liquidated damages to the Employer
At the rate/day stated in the SCC
For each day that
The Completion Date is later than the Intended Completion Date.

The total amount of liquidated damages shall not exceed the amount
defined in the SCC

The Employer may deduct liquidated damages from payments due to

the Contractor.

Payment of liquidated damages shall not affect the Contractor’s

liabilities.
If the Intended Completion Date:
is extended after liquidated damages have been paid,

The Engineer shall correct

Any overpayment of liquidated damages
By the Contractor
By adjusting the next payment certificate.

The Contractor shall :

Be paid interest on the overpayment,
Calculated from the date of payment to the date of repayment,

At the rates specified in Sub-Clause 43

 50. Bonus

The Contractor shall be:

Paid a Bonus
Calculated at the rate/calendar day
Stated in the SCC For each day
{Less any days for which the Contractor is paid for acceleration}

That the Completion is earlier than the Intended Completion Date.

The Engineer shall certify that:

The Works are complete,
 51. Advance Payment

The Employer shall make:

Advance payment to the Contractor

Of the amount stated in the SCC
By the date stated in the SCC,
Against provision by the Contractor

Of an Unconditional Bank Guarantee

The Advance Guarantee Bond Should be:

In a form & by a bank acceptable to the Employer,

Denominated in Ethiopian Birr
In the amount of the advance payment.

The Guarantee shall remain effective:

Until the advance payment has been repaid,

But the amount of the Guarantee
Shall be progressively reduced
By the amounts repaid by the Contractor.

Interest will not be charged on the advance payment.

The Contractor is to use the advance payment:

Only to pay for Equipment,

Plant, Materials, & mobilization expenses
Required specifically for execution of the Contract.

The Contractor shall:

Demonstrate that
Advance payment has been used
In this way by supplying copies of invoices/documents
The advance payment shall be:
Repaid by deducting proportionate amounts
From payments otherwise due to the Contractor,

Following the schedule of completed percentages of the Works on a

payment basis.

No account shall be taken of the advance payment or its repayment in

assessing:
Valuations of work done,
Variations, price adjustments,
Compensation Events,
Bonuses, or
Liquidated Damages.
 52.Securities

The Contract Security:

Shall be provided to the Employer

No later than 15 days
After Receipt of the Letter of Acceptance &

Shall be issued in the form of:

A Bank Guarantee, or for
Ethiopian Contractors only in the form of a Performance Bond.
The Contract Security shall be:
Issued in the format specified
In the contract &
In an amount specified in the SCC &
By a bank or surety acceptable to the Employer
and denominated in Ethiopian Birr.

The Contract Security shall be valid until:

A date 28 days from the date of issue of the Certificate of

Completion in the case of a Bank Guarantee
&
Until one year from the date of issue of the Certificate of Completion
in the case of a Performance Bond.
 53.Dayworks

If applicable:

The Dayworks rates in the Contractor’s Bid Shall be used

For small additional Amounts of work
Only when the Engineer has given written instructions

In advance for additional work to be paid for in that way.

All work to be paid for as Dayworks:
Shall be recorded by the Contractor
On forms approved by the Engineer.

Each completed form shall be verified and signed by the Engineer

within two days of the work being done.

The Contractor shall be paid:

For Dayworks subject to obtaining signed Dayworks forms.
 54.Cost of Repairs

Loss/damage to the Works/Materials:

To be incorporated in the Works

B/n the Start Date & The end of
The Defects Correction periods

Shall be remedied by the Contractor at the Contractor’s cost if the

loss or damage arises from the Contractor’s acts/ omissions.
 Finishing of Contract
 Completion
 Taking Over
 Final Account
 Operating and Maintenance Manuals
 Termination
 Payment upon Termination
 Property
 Release Performance
152
 Completion
The Contractor shall request the Engineer:
To issue a certificate of Completion of the Works,
&
The Engineer will do so up
on deciding that the work is completed.

56 Taking over
The Employer shall take over the Site
&
The Works within 7 days of
The Engineer’s issuing a Certificate of Completion.
 57. Final Account
The Contractor shall supply the Engineer with:

A detailed Account of The Total Amount

That the Contractor considers payable under the Contract
Before the end of the Defects Liability Period.

The Engineer shall issue:

A Defects Liability Certificate &
Certify any final payment
That is due to the Contractor
Within 60 days of receiving

The Contractor’s account, if it is correct and complete.

If it is not Correct:
The Engineer shall issue
Within 60 days a schedule that states
The scope of the corrections or additions
That are necessary.

If the Final Account is:

Still unsatisfactory after it has been resubmitted,

The Engineer shall decide on the amount payable
To the Contractor & issue a payment certificate.
 58.Operating & Maintenance Manuals

If “as built” Drawings &/or O& M manuals are required:

The Contractor shall supply them by the dates stated in the SCC.

If not supplied Accordingly:

The Engineer shall withhold the amount stated in the SCC from
payments due to the Contractor.
 59.Termination

The Employer/the Contractor:

May terminate the Contract if:

The other party causes a fundamental breach of the Contract.

 Fundamental breaches of Contract shall include, but shall
not be limited to, the following:

The Contractor stops work for 28 days when:

No stoppage of work is shown on the current Program

&
The stoppage has not been authorized by the Engineer;

The Engineer instructs the Contractor:

To delay the progress of the Works,

&
the instruction is not withdrawn within 28 days;
The Employer or the Contractor is made:
Bankrupt or Goes into liquidation
Other than for a reconstruction or amalgamation;

The Contractor does not maintain a Security, which is required;

A certified payment by the Engineer:

Is not paid by the Employer to the Contractor
Within 90 days of the date of the Engineer’s certificate;
The Engineer gives Notice that:
Failure to correct a particular Defect
is a fundamental breach of Contract
&
The Contractor fails to correct it
within a reasonable period of time
Determined by the Engineer;

The Contractor has:

Delayed the Completion of the Works
By the No. of days for which
The maximum amount of
Liquidated damages can be paid;
If the Contractor, in the judgment of the Employer:
Has engaged in corrupt,
Fraudulent,
Collusive or
Coercive practices
in competing for / in executing the Contract.
"Corrupt practice" means the:

Offering,
Giving,
Receiving or
Soliciting,

Directly or indirectly, of anything of value

To influence the action of a public official in the procurement process

or in contract execution.
"Fraudulent practice" means:

A misrepresentation of facts in order to influence a procurement

process or the execution of a contract;

“Collusive practices” means:

A scheme/arrangement b/n two/more Bidders, with or without the

knowledge of the Employer, designed to establish prices at artificial,
noncompetitive levels

“Coercive practices” means:

Harming/threatening to harm, directly/indirectly, persons/their
property to influence their participation in a procurement process, or
affect the execution of a contract
When either party to the Contract:

Gives notice of a breach of Contract to the Engineer

For a cause other than wrong practices cited above,

The Engineer shall decide whether the breach is fundamental or not.

Despite the above:

the Employer may terminate the Contract for convenience.

If the Contract is terminated:

The Contractor shall stop work immediately
Make the Site safe & secure, &
Leave the Site as soon as reasonably possible
 60.Payment upon Termination

If the Contract is terminated because of:

A fundamental breach of Contract by the Contractor:

The Engineer shall issue:

A certificate For the value of the work done
&
Materials ordered
Less advance payments Received
&
Less the % age of the work not completed,

Additional Liquidated Damages Shall Not Apply

If the total amount due to the Employer:

Exceeds any payment due to the Contractor,

The difference shall be a debt payable to the Employer.

If the Contract is terminated:
For the Employer’s convenience/
Because of a fundamental breach
of Contract by the Employer:

The Engineer shall issue: A certificate for:

The value of the work done,

Materials ordered,
The reasonable cost of removal of Equipment,
Repatriation of the Contractor’s personnel
Employed solely on the Works, &
The Contractor’s costs of protecting/securing the Works,
&
less advance payments received up to the date of the certificate.
61.Property

All Materials on the Site,

Plant,
Equipment,
Temporary Works,
&
Works

Shall be deemed to be the property of the Employer:

if the Contract is terminated because of the Contractor’s default

 62. Release from Performance

If the Contract is:

Frustrated by the outbreak of war

or
By any other event
Entirely outside the control of either party,

The Engineer shall certify that: The Contract has been frustrated.
The Contractor shall:
Make the Site safe
&
Stop work as quickly as possible
After receiving this certificate
&

Shall be paid for all work carried out:

Before receiving it
&
For any work carried out afterwards

To which, a commitment was made.

 The Special conditions of Contract, PPA-2006 Version

The following SCC shall supplement the GCC

Whenever there is a conflict, the provisions herein shall prevail over

those in the GCC
 II. CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS AND METHOD
OF MEASUREMENT
 IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION

• There are many design decisions which cannot

be expressed in drawn form. These must rely
on being expressed in words.
• There are, also, many design decisions which
would be too tedious, or too impractical for
some other reason, to be recorded in
drawings.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION

• The specification is thus created to

complement the drawings so that together
they convey all the design decisions.
• This is why a construction specification is
primarily a design document.
 Specifications…
• Specifications are

– written descriptions of the required quality of the

built product and its component products.

– A specification may also include the procedures

for determining that the requirements of the
specification have been met.
 Purpose of Specifications

• The specification links the drawings with the general

conditions of contract. It complements, without
duplication, the information in the drawings or the
general conditions of contract.
• Drawings are graphic descriptions which primarily
define quantity, position and sometimes quality.

• Specifications are written descriptions which define

quality. Together they express the designer's
intentions.
 Role of Specifications
• The specification has many roles including:
– A document demonstrating compliance with
statutory requirements.
– A written record of design decisions, materials
used and set standards.
– A tendering document.

– A legal, contractual document.

 Role Of Specifications
• An on-site working document.
• A dispute settlement document.
• A project management tool.
• A facilities management tool.
• A document to be analyzed for feedback into
the office master specification and office
procedures.
 Specifications…
• A good specification will:
– Answer the questions posed by the client, and
local requirements.
– Cover the total range of the project elements.
– Have a logical structure which is easy to navigate.
– Cite other documents precisely and meaningfully.
– Have a consistent approach to grammar and
language.
 Specification
• A good specification will:

– Be unambiguous.
– Complement the drawings and be consistent with
the other documents and the method of
procurement
Technical Docs: The Specification…
• The specifications are the part of the contract
documents that define the qualitative requirements
of the project that is to be built. The dictionary
defines specification as
– “a detailed description of requirements,
dimensions, materials, etc., as of a proposed
building, machine, bridge, etc.,”
– and further as “the act of making specific.”
 Specifications
• “Specifications” is a general term applying to
all directions, provisions, and requirements
pertaining to the performance of the work
and payment for the work.
– One part of the construction contract documents
is the Specification…
• The specification is part of the Technical section
– Specifications= written description
– Drawings….Graphical Description..
– BOQ=Quantitative description
 Technical Docs: The Drawings…
• The role of the drawings is to …
– define the geometry of a project, including dimensions, form,
and details.
– The specifications are intended to complement this by defining
the nature of the materials that are to be used and the
description of the workmanship and procedures to be
followed in constructing the project
– Drawings and specifications in combination define the project
in sufficient detail to enable the carrying out of the works.
 Purpose of Specifications
• The purpose of a Construction Specification is to tell
the contractor precisely the,
– Quality and type of materials required to be incorporated
in the works
– the workmanship and finish, anticipated with consideration
given to practical limitations such as tolerance, clearances,
– Extent of the work to be executed

– Methods he may or may not use in order to carry out the

works
 Purpose of Specifications
– Requirements and procedures to be complied
with in inspection, tests and analysis, during
manufacture and usage by the owner both on
site and off site.
– Methods for testing and acceptance of final
products
– Parameters for rejection of non conforming works
etc.
– Factory tests (If necessary), protection during
manufacture, transport and placing or the like
 Purpose of Specifications

• Specifications should describe the type and quality of

every product required for the project.

• The specifications should describe the requirements for

fabrication, erection, application, installation and finishing.

• Specifications should describe the quality of workmanship

necessary for the project.
• This includes all phases of creation and installation starting
with manufacturing,
 Purpose of Specifications
• Specifications should describe

– fabrication, and application, through installation, finishing

and adjustment.

– Specifications should include any necessary codes and

standards applicable to the project.

– The specifications should also include descriptions and

procedures for alternate materials, products or services if
necessary.
 Methods of Specification
• The four methods of specifying construction
products are:

–Descriptive
–Performance
–Reference Standards
–Proprietary
 Descriptive Specifications

• A descriptive specification provides a written

detail of a products properties without the use
of trade or brand names.
– Example: Sand: Clean, washed, sharp, durable
natural particles, free from soluble salts or organic
impurities. Sand for grouting shall be screened to
pass a 30 mesh sieve with not more than 5%
passing a 100 mesh screen.
 Descriptive Specifications
• Under this method of specifying the exact
properties of the materials and methods of
installation are described in detail without
using proprietary or manufacturer's names.
• Descriptive specifications are commonly used
for products for which no standards exist,
on projects where using proprietary names is
restricted, and in situations where the
Architect/Engineer want to exercise tight
control over the specified work.
 Preparing Descriptive Specifications
• There are five steps for preparing descriptive
specifications:
– Research available products
– Research the important features required for the
product.
– Determine which features to describe in the specification
and which features to show in the drawings.
– Describe the important features.
– Specify quality assurance measures (i.e. submittals,
certifications, testing or inspection activities)
 Advantages to using descriptive
specifications:
• Descriptive specifications specify exactly what
the design intends.
• They are applicable to all conditions, methods
or situations of a project.
• They are applicable to all sizes and types of
projects.
• They permit free competition because they do
not restrict the use of specific products or
manufacturers.
 Disadvantages of descriptive specifications:
• They require the specifier to take special care in
describing the design intent in order to achieve the
desired results.
• Descriptive specifications tend to take up more
space because they require more verbiage than
other methods.
• They may be more time consuming than other
methods to create and write.
• They are being used less often as more complete
reference standards are being developed and
implemented.
 Performance Specifications

• Performance specifications set forth the ends

to be achieved, not the means of achieving
the desired result.
– Example: Water pump with a capacity of…………..
 Performance Specifications
• Under this method the required end results are
specified along with the criteria by which the
performance will be judged and the method by
which it can be verified.
• The contractor is free to choose the materials and
methods that comply with the performance
specification. They are generally used to
encourage the use of new and innovative
techniques that may lead to more economical
construction. They are also used to supplement
other specification methods.
Advantages to using performance specifications:
• Only the end result or design intent is specified, this
gives the Contractor flexibility in selecting and
applying products.
• They permit free competition.
• They can be applicable in all types and sizes of
projects.
• Performance specifications delegate the technical
responsibilities to the construction industry, where the
Contractor instead of the Architecture/Engineering
firm is responsible for the results.[ is it advantage or
disadvantage??...Discussion]
Disadvantages to using performance specifications:

• They can be time consuming to produce and

may result in long, detailed specifications.
• They are more difficult to enforce than other
methods of specifying.
• They may be too elaborate for simple or minor
projects.
 Reference Standards

• Reference standards specify standards such as

ASTM, ES, BS, etc.
• The various manufacturers must meet these
standards.
– Example: Portland Cement: Conform to ASTM
C150, Type I or Type II, low alkali. Maximum total
alkali shall not exceed 0.6 percent.
 Reference Standard Specifications

• Under this method reference is made to an

established standard defined by associations
very knowledgeable about a certain part or
phase of construction.
• Reference standard specifications are used for
"commodity" products in the marketplace,
where brand names are not important.
 Preparing reference Standards
• Steps for preparing reference standard specifications are:
– The standard must be recognized as authoritative by the
industry.
– The standard must be available to all parties involved in the
project.
– The specifier must know the standard. Assure that the
standard relates to the current project and does not present
duplicate or conflicting information.
– Establish a date of the standard.
– Incorporate the standard correctly into the specifications.
– Enforce the requirements of the standard.
 Advantages to using reference standard specifications:

• The standard is usually widely known and

accepted by the industry.
• They do not limit competition.
• They dramatically shorten the length of
specifications.
 Disadvantages to using reference standard specifications:

• There may be no appropriate standard to

reference, because
– standards are written for the most commonly used
and generally available products.
– Standards generally refer to the minimum
requirements.
– The standard may become obsolete or out-of-date,
because of advances and changes in technology and
the creation of new products.
– They require a lot of research and care in use.
– They must be incorporated properly, including all
supplementary information.
 Proprietary Specifications

• Proprietary specifications identify the desired

product by manufacturer, brand name, model or
type designation, or important characteristics.
– Example: Floor tiles shall be "Contempo" as
manufactured by Kentile Corp.
• Proprietary specifications can be made "open" by
adding the phrase "or equal“ [Nonrestrictive
specifications.]
– Example: Waterproof Glue: Polyvinyl acetate emulsion
with 55% solids. "Wilhold“ manufactured by Acorn
Adhesives; "Weldwood" manufactured by U.S.
Plywood; or equivalent.
 Proprietary Specifications

• Under this method the actual brand names,

model numbers and other proprietary
information is specified. They are primarily
used for private commercial projects where
the Owner knows what products they want.
 Proprietary Specifications

• There are two types of proprietary

specifications, closed and open.

• The primary difference between the two types

concerns substitutions.
 Proprietary Specifications
• Closed
– Closed specifications generally prohibit
substitutions. One or more products are specified,
and no substitutions will be considered.
• Open
– Open specifications permit substitutions. One or
more products are specified, but other
manufacturers will be considered.
Advantages to using proprietary specifications:

• They allow for close control of product selection.

• The drawings can be more complete and more
detailed because they can be prepared based on
precise information from the selected
manufacturer.
• The specification can be shorter.
• They simplify the bidding by narrowing
competition and eliminating product pricing as a
major variable.
Disadvantages to using proprietary specifications:

• They reduce competition.

• They may specify products the Contractor is
not familiar with or has had little experience
with.
• Care should be taken to assure no error is
made when specifying model numbers or
product designations.
 Selecting a Method of Specifying

• The following questions are helpful to consider

when deciding which method of specifying is
most appropriate.
– What does the Owner require?
– What method best describes the design intent?
– What method is most appropriate for the project size
and complexity?
– What method will result in the best quality of work?
– What method will result in the best price for the
work?
 Materials and workmanship specifications:

• Material specifications: describing the physical

and/or chemical properties, performance
characteristics or in some cases, a composition of
the two of the materials to be incorporated into the
works. These properties can be cross checked by
tests. These descriptions generally include;
• physical properties, such as strength, durability, hardness, and
elasticity
• Chemical composition
• Electrical and thermal and acoustical properties
• Appearance including color texture pattern and finishes
Workmanship specifications
• Workmanship specifications; describing the desired
results that need to be achieved in the works which
include;

– The desired results in relation to the quality of

workmanship and finish, giving due consideration to
practical limitations in tolerance, clearances and the
like.
– Construction methods or procedures necessary for
the accomplishment of particular targets.
 Workmanship specifications…cont’d

• Any limitations or restrictions to be placed on the contractor’s

methods in the interest of coordination of the work.
• Any precautions necessary for the protection of the work or
adjacent property.
• The methods of inspection and tests to which the work is to be
subjected with particulars as to mill and shop inspections as well
as field inspections.
 Writing Specifications
• Importance and Characteristics of Well-
Written Specifications
– Well-written specifications are essential to the
efficient construction of a successful project.
– Well-written specifications inform the Contractor of
the work to be performed, the conditions and
restrictions on performance of the work, the
expected quality of the work, and the manner in
which the work will be measured for payment.
 Writing Specifications
• Well-written specifications:
– are clear, concise, and technically correct.
– do not use ambiguous words that could lead to
misinterpretation.
– are written using simple words in short, easy to
understand sentences.
– avoid conflicting requirements.
– do not repeat requirements stated elsewhere in the
Contract.
 Writing Specifications
• Well-written specifications:
– do not explain or provide reasons for a
requirement.
– state construction requirements sequentially.
– avoid the use of awkward phrases such as
“and/or” and “him/her.” Rewriting the sentence
can eliminate such phrases.
 Writing Specifications
• With the increased complexity and
specialization in modern construction and the
need for the Project Engineer to focus on legal
requirements and administration, use of the
phrase “as directed by the Engineer” should be
minimized. Work requirements must be clearly
stated in the specifications.
 Writing Specifications

• Furthermore, the phrases “approved by the

Engineer” or “accepted by the Engineer”
should be avoided. These should be used only
when the Engineer will actually accept or
approve the work.
 Organizing specifications
• Specifications need to be organized into
– Logical and Sequential work process
– This requires written sections must be
arranged appropriately, with ease of use,
reference etc…
Organization of the Standard Specifications

• Specifications are also organized into

numbered Sections.
– General Provisions dealing with contracting
procedures,
– General and legal responsibilities of the Contractor,
– Execution of the work,
– Control of work and materials,
– Measurement and payment for the work.
– Construction details, materials details.
Five-Part Format of Organizing Specifications

• Each Section of the construction

details, is organized into the
following five parts, in the
following order:
Five-Part Format of Organizing Specifications

DESCRIPTION
• This part consists of short, brief statements
summarizing the work covered by this Section
of the Standard Specifications
• The Description should not contain details,
materials or construction requirements, or
explanations of measurement and payment
 Five-Part Format of Organizing
Specifications
MATERIALS

• This part either specifies the materials

requirements the work of this section must
meet or refers to subsections in the Materials
Details that contain those requirements.
 Five-Part Format of Organizing
Specifications
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

• This part consists of the required construction

procedures or end results of the work to be
performed under this Section of the Standard
Specifications .
• Specific construction details are also specified
in this part.
Five-Part Format of Organizing Specifications

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

• This part describes the methods and the units

by which the work under this Section of the
Standard Specifications will be measured for
payment to the Contractor.
Five-Part Format of Organizing Specifications

BASIS OF PAYMENT

• This part establishes the pay items for work

accomplished under this Section of the
Standard Specifications and, when necessary,
explains what is included in the payment for
those pay items.
Alternative Specifications organization

• Once a list of the work analysis is prepared

each section of the specification may then be
prepared based on the following general
format.
 Layout of Specifications
• General Requirements
–Description and Scope of works
–Related documents
–Summary of the specific works
–References and standards etc
 Layout of Specifications

• Specific Requirements,
– Any requirements to be adhered to in the specific
work area
 Layout of Specifications
• Types and Quality of Materials that must be
used
– Description of materials, Standards
– Testing
– Workmanship, Technical procedure of carrying out
works, (e.g. concrete, mixing and placing etc )
 Layout of Specifications

• Level and Quality of Workmanship,

– The quality of workmanship required in the work,
and methods of assessing this requirement.
 Layout of Specifications

• Method of Measurement of Completed Work

– Units to be used in the measurement of the works,
as well as how the completed work is to be
measured, such as in m2 Linear meter (LM) etc
– Method of Payment
– Method of payments, unit rates etc.
 III. Quantity surveying
1. Quantification(Measurement of )
Works Based on the accepted method
of measurement (BaTCoDA)
2. Quantification of Cost (Cost Estimation)
Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02312 Site Clearance
– Site clearance shall be measured by area and shall
be understood as including trees up to 80mm in
diameter.
– Termite hill removal shall be measured by the
volume of earth removed and disposed off.

233
Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02312 Site Clearance
– Removal of structure shall be measured in lump
sum, area or volume if sufficient description of
works is given or using applicable units of work
under each item of work in this Specification
where unit rate quotations are required.

234
 Accepted Method of Measurement

02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK

• 02313 Excavation & Get Out
Removal of top soil
– "Top soil" shall mean the top 200-300mm depth layer of soil

containing more than 5% organic material by weight.

– The top soil shall be removed to the specified depth leaving

area clear off any vegetable soil.

– The removal of top soil shall be measured by the area occupied

by the work to be placed on the cleared area.

235
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02313 Excavation & Get Out
– Excavation in ordinary soil
– "Ordinary Soil" shall mean material yielding to
ordinary excavation machinery or pick axes.
Excavation for ordinary soil shall be classified as
Bulk excavation, Pit excavation and Continuous
trench excavation.

236
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02313 Excavation & Get Out
– Excavation in ordinary soil
– Excavation shall mean the excavation and get out of
the soil. Excavation in ordinary soil shall be
measured by volume as the net void created by the
excavation with deduction made for existing voids.

– Excavation shall be measured in successive stages

of 1500mm from starting level.

237
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02313 Excavation & Get Out
– Limits of Bulk Excavation
– The limits of bulk excavation for the measurement
shall be as shown on drawings.
– In the instance of no limits being established, the
working space shall be determined by the Engineer
but shall not exceed 500mm on either side of the
limits of the area to be excavated.

238
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02313 Excavation & Get Out
– Limits of Pit & Trench Excavation
– Pit and trench excavation shall be measured by
adding 250mm to each side of the dimension giving
the surface area of the volume to be excavated.

– The volume of excavation for masonry works buried

in ground and requiring no foundation bedding shall
be measured by the net volume of buried masonry &
without allowing for any working space.
239
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02313 Excavation & Get Out
– Rock excavation
– This section covers the excavation of soft and hard
rocks and boulders.
– The methods of measurement and working space
allowance for "Ordinary Soil" shall be equally
applicable to excavation in rock.

240
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02314 Fill
– Fill material shall be classified as: -
– Backfill to excavation - Suitable material arising from
excavation and capable of being compacted to form a stable
filling having side slopes as indicated on drawing or directed
by the Engineer.
– Selected excavated fill - Suitable non expansive material
approved by the Engineer arising for excavation and capable
of being compacted to form a stable filling having side slopes
as indicated on drawings or directed by the Engineer.
– Selected borrowed fill - Suitable non-expansive well graded
soil or granular material with no rock lumps imported from
outside and approved by the Engineer. 241
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 02315 Disposal
– Disposal shall be understood to include stock piling,
loading, transporting, dumping and wheel spreading
at tip.
– Disposal shall be measured as the net volume arising
from the void created by the excavation, less
excavated material backfill, filled and wheel spread
within site or left stockpiled.

242
 Accepted Method of Measurement
02. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
• 023163 Hard core & stone filler
– Hard core shall be measured by the area of the
surface on which it is laid if the finished thickness
does not exceed 300mm.
– Hard core and stone filling exceeding 300mm
thickness shall be measured by the volume of void
filled by the hard core or stone chipping.

243
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 0315 Methods of Measurement
• 03151 Insitu concrete work shall be
understood as including gauging, mixing, casting
in place, construction joints tamping of
horizontal surfaces and curing.

244
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 0315 Methods of Measurement
– 03152Differentiation shall be made for: -
– Plain & reinforced concrete
– Below and above grade work
– Classes of concrete
– Foundation
– Columns
– Ground & suspended beams & lintels
– Ground & suspended solid & ribbed slabs.
– Walls
– Steps, staircases and landings etc 245
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 0315 Methods of Measurement
– 03153Measurement
– Cast in place concrete shall be measured by volume
except for the following: -
– Ribbed slabs measured by area stating thickness.
– Grouting and filling to holes shall be enumerated
stating sizes.
– 03154Deduction
– No deduction shall be made for voids up to 0.25m2 in
area.
246
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 032 CONCRETE FORMWORK
– 0325 Methods of Measurement
– 03251The measurement for formwork shall be
understood as including: -
• Construction and removal of formwork
• Making good of concrete honeycombs.
• Making good of concrete surfaces to attain the
standard of finish desired by the specified type of
formwork.
• Angles & returns.

247
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 032 CONCRETE FORMWORK
• 03252 Differential shall be made in formwork for: -
– Below and above grade work.
– Work exposed to view & buried work.
– Work on which further finish is to be applied
– Formwork to produce architectural concrete by specifying desired type
of finish.
– Footings
– Columns
– Grade & below grade beam.
– Suspended and on wall resting beams.
– Solid slab
– Ribbed slabs
– Walls
– Staircase, steps and landing, etc. 248
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 032 CONCRETE FORMWORK
• 03253 Measurement
• Formwork shall be measured by area, taken as
the net area in contact with the finished face of
concrete with no allowance made for passing at
angles, overlaps and intersections.
• 03254 Deduction
• No deduction shall be made for voids in form
work up to 0.25m2 in area.

249
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 033 REINFORCEMENT
– DEFINITIONS
– Reinforcement work shall be understood as the
supply and fixing of reinforcement bars, including ties
and chairs.

250
 Accepted Method of Measurement
03 CONCRETE WORK
• 033 REINFORCEMENT
• 0334 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
• Reinforcement work shall be understood as including
cutting, bending, placing in position, tie and spacers.
• Reinforcement shall be measured by the net weight
of the bars & set in position with out allowance for
ties and spacers.
• Allowance shall be made for overlaps only if
indicated on drawings & schedules or at overlaps of
bars where the length of the bar reaches the
maximum standard production limit.
251
 Accepted Method of Measurement
04. MASONRY WORKS
• 0421 WORK INCLUDED
– Provide all masonry material, mortar, and tie as
indicated on drawing and specified herein, and labor,
equipment, tools, scaffolding for masonry works, as
required for the satisfactory installation of the works.

252
 Accepted Method of Measurement
04. MASONRY WORKS
• 046 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
– 0461 Masonry work shall be understood to include,
shaping, cutting, placing, bonding, tying, wedge
placement, building to ends of other material and
preparation of surface for further finish.
– 0462 Reinforcement to masonry wall & concrete in-
fill shall be measured separate in accordance with
the methods of measurement in concrete work.
253
 Accepted Method of Measurement
04. MASONRY WORKS
• 0463 Masonry work shall be differentiated for material and: -
– Above and below grade work
– Straight and tapering surfaces
– Mortar type
• 0464 The unit of measurements are: -
– Stone wall by volume
– Stone paving by area specifying thickness
– Brick & block wall by area specifying thickness

254
 Accepted Method of Measurement
04. MASONRY WORKS
– 0465 Deductions
– No deducts shall be made in masonry work for
opening up to 0.25m2 in area.

255
 Accepted Method of Measurement
5. ROOF WATER PROOFING & DAMP PROOFING
05120 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
• The following are understood as included in the
measurement.
– Perforating and sealing around pipes, stands and the like.
– Nailing, bolting, screwing
– Cutting, waste, trimming, jointing and the like.
– Overlaps & returns.
– Roofing & water proofing shall measured by area, without
addition for laps and seams.
– Decorative (reflective) coat to roofing shall be measured
separate.

256
 Accepted Method of Measurement
06. ROOFS AND WALL CLADDING

• 065 METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS

• 0651 General
– Work measured by area shall be measured flat over the projected area
without addition for slopes, laps and beams.
– Work measured by length shall be measured net without addition for laps,
passings, angles, end and the like.
• The following shall be understood as included
– Perforating and sealing roof around pipes, stands and the like.
– Nailing, bolting, screwing and the like to fix roofing and accessories.
– Battens, joists, runners, wedges and splicers in wood.
– Covering lists, back supports, brackets, and other supports to roof and
accessories.
– Cutting, waste, bracing, trimming, boring, sinking, jointing and the like.
– Returns to gutters, down pipes flashing and aprons. 257
 Accepted Method of Measurement
06. ROOFS AND WALL CLADDING
• 065 METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS
• 0652 Measurement
• Roof cover, side cladding, water proofing and the like shall be measured
by area.
• Ridges, flashing, aprons down pipes, gutters and the like be measured
by length stating girth.
• Roof lights, ventilators, special roofing sheets shall be measured by
area, length, or enumerate extra over roofing without deduction for
roofing.
• Gutter and down pipes shall be measured by length taken along the
center line and shall be deemed to include supports, brackets and
fittings. The development sizes shall be given.
• Insulation shall be measured by area where not described as a
composite item.
• Rainwater spout shall be enumerated stating the size and length. 258
 Accepted Method of Measurement
7. CARPENTRY & JOINERY
• 0721 WORK INCLUDED
– Provide all carpentry and joinery timber, laminated panels, fixing devices
paints, posts, glue and other material necessary for a complete and
satisfactory fabrication and installation of carpentry and joinery work.

259
 Accepted Method of Measurement
7. CARPENTRY & JOINERY
• 0763 Measurement
• Structural timber other than truss shall be measured by length of
member without addition for laps.
• Roof trusses shall be enumerated by stating type and reference to
detail drawing.
• Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits, curtain walls and the like shall
be measured by area and understood as including all back frames.
• Doors and opening windows on panel partitions and curtain walls
shall be enumerated as extra over the item.
• No deduction shall be made on curtain walls & panel partition for
openings.
• Fascias, eaves, barge boards, skirting and the like shall be
measured by length stating girth.
260
 Accepted Method of Measurement
7. CARPENTRY & JOINERY
• 0763 Measurement
• Built in furniture and boards shall be enumerated or measured by
length stating sizes and shall be understood as including hardware
unless stated as measured separate.
• Hardware shall be measured separate if different type of locks,
hinges, etc., are to be installed on joinery and those can not be
indicated on the schedule of joinery.

261
 Accepted Method of Measurement
8. HARDWARE (Iron Mongery)

– 0812 RELATED WORKS DESCRIBED ELSEWHERE: Doors,

windows, cabinets, etc., work in the Section Carpentry
and Joinery of this specification.

262
 Accepted Method of Measurement
8. HARDWARE (Iron Mongery)
• 082 MEASUREMENTS
• The measurement for hardware (iron mongery) shall be
understood as including notching, welding, setting in position and
fixing of the complete fittings to joinery and metal work.
• Hardware shall be measured in any one of the following ways: -
• Included in the fixture, if shown in detail in the schedule.
• Enumerated separated into types of fitting.
• Expressed as a set of fittings per fixture, provided the type
(specification) and the number of the different fittings per fixture is
indicated in the schedule.

263
 Accepted Method of Measurement
9. STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK
• 0911 WORK INCLUDED
– The following shall be provided as required for the satisfactory
completion of the works.
– Structural steel profiles, welding consumables, bolts, nuts and
washer and Grouting concrete.
– Labour for fabrication, assembly and erection.
– Equipment, tools, scaffolding necessary for fabrication,
assembly and erection.

264
 Accepted Method of Measurement
9. STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK
• 0952 Measurement

– Stanchions, beams, trusses, purlins, ceiling support,

bracing, rails, and the like shall be measured by weight
identified by profiles and type of structure.
– Connection plates, base plates, angles ties, brackets and the
like shall be measured by weight identified by profiles.
– Hold down bolts shall be enumerated stating sizes and shall
be understood as including bolts, anchors and spacers

265
 Accepted Method of Measurement
10. METAL WORK
• 1052 Measurement
– Floor plates, duct covers, suspension profiles, ladders metal corner
protection and linings shall be measured by length stating sizes.
– Stairway and balustrade rails shall be measured by length stating girth.

– Protective grills fixed to windows and doors shall be measured by area.

– Doors and windows shall be enumerated stating sizes.

– Curtain walls shall be measured by area.

– Louver frames shall be enumerated in pairs stating number of blades.

– No addition or deductions shall be made for deviation in measurement of up

to 50mm in length, width and height.

266
 Accepted Method of Measurement
11 PLASTER & POINTING
12. PAINTING
13. GLAZING

267
 Accepted Method of Measurement
14. SANITARY INSTALLATION
• MEASUREMENT
– Pipes shall be measured by length taken along the centerline
and over all fittings.
– Valves shall be enumerated.
– Fixtures shall be enumerated and shall be understood as
including all accessories valves, connection, control devices and
supports for the satisfactory operation of the fixture.
– Duct Work shall be measured by length stating the girth.

268
 Accepted Method of Measurement
14. SANITARY INSTALLATION
• MEASUREMENT
– Connections to supply main shall be enumerated.
– Insulation to supply lines shall be measured by length
specifying pipe diameter and along the centerline of
the pipe.
– Catch pits and manholes shall be enumerated stating
the size and shall be understood as including all
earth, concrete and surface finish works.
Connection of pipes to manholes and catch pits shall
be understood as included.

269
 Accepted Method of Measurement
15. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
16. EXTERNAL WORKS & SERVICES

Reading Assignment
 Read ERA 2002 Technical specification and
summarize the work included in each trade of work
and identify unit of measurement of each activity.

270
 Quantification of works
Take-off sheet (formats)

T D P U Description D P U Description

271
 Quantification of works
Take-off sheet (formats)

Bar Dia(mm) Length Number of bars Total length(m)

Shape
Id Ф (m) a b c 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24

Total length (m)

Kg/m 0.222 0.395 0.618 0.888 1.209 1.578 2.472 3.551
Total weight,kg - - - - - - - -

272
 Example
Compute the quantity

FOOTING

Excavation and earthwork

Formwork
Concrete F1 F1
Reinforcement

F1 F1
273
 Example
Compute the quantity

2800
1400 1400

600
1400

4 29 Ø20 c/c 100 L=3900

2800

H H

2700
1400

600

600
3 29 Ø20 c/c 100 L=3900
2700

600

274
 Example
Compute the quantity

1Ø8 in each side

700

3 4
50

2800
SECTION

275
 Example
Compute the quantity

FOOTING
Excavation and earthwork
 Excavation
 Backfill around footing
 Surplus /Caraway
Formwork
Concrete
Reinforcement

276
 Cost Estimation
• Direct and indirect cost analysis
• Example
1. Concrete work (C-30)
2. Form work
3. Reinforcement bar

277
 Cost Analysis
ANALYSIS SHEET FOR DIRECT & INDIRECT COSTS
PROJECT: CONCRETE WORK LABOR DAILY OUTPUT: 8.5 m 3 / Dy
WORK ITEM: ( 2.24 ) C-30 Concrete (mechanical mix) Beams and lintels EQUIPMENT DAILY OUT PUT: 8.5 m 3 / Dy
TOTAL QUANTITY OF WORK ITEM: 1m 3 1 m3 RESULT: 2,122.32 Birr/m 3

Material Cost (1:01) Labor (1:02) Equipment

Cost per Labor by ** Indexed Type of Daily

Type of Material Unit Qty * Rate Unit Trade No. UF Daily Cost Daily Cost Equipment No. Rental
Cement Qtl.. 4.00 250.00 1000.00 Foreman 1 0.5 120 60 mixer 1 300
Sand m3 0.42 250.00 105.00 Plasterer I 2 1 80 160 vibrator 1 150
Gravel (02) m3 0.786 300.00 235.80 Carpenter 1 1 80 80
Water m3 0.26 3.00 0.78 Bar bender 1 1 80 80
DL II 18 1 25 450
Vibrator Ope. 1 1 25 25
Mixer Ope. 1 1 45 45
0
0
Total (1:-01) 1341.58 Total (1:02) 900.00 Total (1:03)

A= Materials Unit Cost 1341.58 Birr/m 3 B=Manpower Unit Cost 105.88 Br./m 3 C= Equipment Unit Cost 52.941
Total of (1:02) Total of (1:03)
Daily Output Daily Output
Direct Cost of work item = A+B+C = 1500.40 Birr/m 3
Overhead Cost: 15% 225.06 "
Profit Cost: 10% 172.55 "
Total : 1845.50 Birr/m 3
Remark ________________________________________________________ Vat 15% 276.82 Birr/m 3

278