OPTICAL Lecture 4 - 2
OPTICAL Lecture 4 - 2
Maximize sensitivity
by minimising noise
maintaining suitable
bandwidth
A
Rb Ra Ca
RL = Rb || Ra
A
Rb Ra Ca Equ.
RL = Rb || Ra
PD operates into a high-impedance amplifier
Bias / load resistance matched to amplifier i/p impedance
Receiver sensitivity is increased due to lesser thermal noise
Degraded frequency performance
Equalization is a must
Limited dynamic range
Trans-impedance pre-
amplifier
Rf
h _
Vin
+ -G Vout
Ca
Rb Ra
RL = Rb || Ra
PD operates into a low-noise high-impedance amplifier with (-)ve FB
Current mode amplifier, high i/p impedance reduced by NFB
Receiver sensitivity is increased due to lesser thermal noise
Degraded frequency performance
Equalization is a must
Limited dynamic range
Trans-impedance pre-
amplifier
Rf
h _
Vin
+ -G Vout
Ca
Rb Ra
RL = Rb || Ra
B G / (2RfCT )
Pre-amplifiers Example
• A high i/p impedance amplifier which is employed in an optical fiber
receiver has an effective input resistance of 4 M which is matched to
a detector bias resistor of the same value. Determine:
• The maximum bandwidth that may be obtained without
equalization if the total capacitance CT is 6 pF.
• The mean square thermal noise current per unit bandwidth
generated by this high input impedance amplifier configuration
when it is operating at a temperature of 300 K.
• Compare the values calculated with those obtained when the high
input impedance amplifier is replaced by a transimpedance
amplifier with a 100 K feedback resistor and an open loop gain of
400. It may be assumed that Rf << RT, and that the total capacitance
remains 6 pF.
Advantages of Transimpedance Amplifier
• Light wave transmission scheme in which the light intensity of the optical
source is modulated linearly with respect to the input electrical signal
voltage.
• This scheme pays no attention to the frequency or phase of the optical
carrier, since a photodetector at the receiving end only responds to
changes in the power level (intensity) that falls directly on it.
• The photodetector then transforms the optical power level variations back
to the original electrical signal format. This method is known as intensity
modulation with direct detection.
• IM/DD systems – offer system simplicity and relatively low cost but suffer
from limited sensitivity and do not take full advantage of tremendous
bandwidth capabilities of optical fiber.
• Optical communication systems that use homodyne or heterodyne
detection are called coherent optical communication systems, since their
implementation depends on phase coherence of the optical carrier.
COHERENT DETECTION
• In coherent detection techniques the light is treated as a carrier medium
that can be amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated similar to the
methods used in microwave radio systems
•The three major optical link building blocks are the receiver, transmitter, and
optical fibre.
•In choosing a particular photodetector, we mainly need to determine the
minimum optical power that must fall on the photodetector to satisfy the bit-
error-rate (BER) requirement at the specified data rate.
Design cost and complexity constraint are also taken into account
A PIN photodiode receiver is simpler, more stable with changes in
temperature and less expensive than APD receiver.
Bias Voltage < 5v
APD – Bias voltage range from 40V to several hundred voltage
APD – increased sensitivity –very low optical power levels are to be detected
Optical Source
• The system parameters involved in deciding between the use of an LED and
a laser diode are
Signal dispersion
Data rate
Transmission distance
Cost
• Spectral width of the laser output is much narrower than that of an LED.
Excess Loss
• connector loss
• splice losses
• environmental-induced losses that could arise from
temperature variations, radiation effects, and dust and
moisture on the connectors.
Link Power Budget
Link Power Budget
Link Power Budget
Hence the use of the injection laser gives a possible increase in the link length of 1.9
km or almost a factor of 2. It must be noted that in this case the excess power margin
has been reduced to zero.
RISE TIME BUDGET
Rise Time Budget