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Introduction to Operating Systems

The document discusses various operating system structures, including multiprocessor and multicore systems, highlighting their definitions, advantages, and examples. It explains different OS structures such as simple, layered, microkernel, and monolithic kernel, along with the dual mode operation of operating systems. Additionally, it covers system calls and system programs, emphasizing their roles in facilitating user requests for OS services.

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Rishab Sharma
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Introduction to Operating Systems

The document discusses various operating system structures, including multiprocessor and multicore systems, highlighting their definitions, advantages, and examples. It explains different OS structures such as simple, layered, microkernel, and monolithic kernel, along with the dual mode operation of operating systems. Additionally, it covers system calls and system programs, emphasizing their roles in facilitating user requests for OS services.

Uploaded by

Rishab Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

1.Multiprocessor Systems
2.Multicore Systems
3.OS Structures
4.OS Operations
5.System Calls
6.System Program
MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
⮚A Multiprocessor Operating System means the use of two or more processors within a
single computer system.

⮚These systems are known as tightly coupled systems.

⮚In Multiprocessor operating system, all the processors work by using a single
operating system.
Advantages
TYPES

Examples for Symmetric Multiprocessor – Windows NT, Solaris, Digital UNIX, OS/2 &
Linux.

Examples for Asymmetric Multiprocessor – SunOS Version 4, IOS


MULTICORE SYSTEMS
A multi-core processor is a single computing component comprised of
two or more CPUs that read and execute the actual program
instructions.

Multi-core processors are widely used across many application


domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital
signal processing (DSP), and graphics (GPU).

The first multi-core processors were produced by Intel and AMD


in the early 2000s.
What is a core?
MULTICORE SYSTEMS
Examples
Operating System
Structures
1.Simple Structure 2.Layered Structure 3.Microkernels

4.Monolithic Kernel
Simple Structure
No Proper structure

No well defined structure

No modules here(Single Module)

RunnApplication progm==> Directly access H\W


◦ Leads to change the
functionality.
◦ Fail==> crashes entire H/W.

Disadvantage:

Structure is complicated

No boundaries between modules.


Layered Structure FunctionalityDivided into Layers
Layer Specific Function
Each layer uses services of lower layer
Top most cant access Layer 1
Layer N can access N-1 Layer
Error Debug is only on that layer

Advantages:
Easy debug.
Abstarction(Hiding functionalities)

Disadvantges:
Difficult to design
Slower in execution
Micro  Small core, provide needed/ basic
Micro kernel functions
Microkernel ==> Necessary components.
Minimum amount of functions, data, and features
to implement an operating system
• Manage memory
• Schedule tasks
• Manage devices
• Handle system calls

Kernel mode and user mode • Provide security

• User mode A restricted mode for running


applications. Applications in user mode have limited access
to system resources.
• Kernel modeA privileged mode for running core operating
system functions. Kernel mode has full access to system
resources.
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
Kernel takes care of allmost all the system tasks.(Kernal space)
In other words no parts of the OS are in user mode (low privilege).
Applications do not over control to over resources.
Operating System OPerations
🡺 Dual Mode Operation.

To ensure the proper execution of the operating


system, there are two modes of operation used by
Operating Systems.
◦ 1. User Mode 🡺 Programs/Application does not have access to memory and
Hardware devices
◦ 2. Kernel Mode 🡺 Programs/ Application have access to memory and
Hardware devices
Today’s Question
1. ( 2 ) 48
=?
System Calls
Programming Interface ==> user program and OS.

Accessed programs via API

Sending Req for Services: Keep on invoking via system calls.

Written ==> High level lang(C or Pascal)


C library Example
System Call Parameters
Types

❖ No need to write the codes for these


service
❖ Inovke service by import the functions
System call and System Prorgam
System calls : Allow user process to request the services of
operating system.

System Programs:Creates an environment for program to develop


and execute
System Programs

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