Chapter One

Introduction

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 Chapter One / Introduction

• What is Chemistry?

• Chemistry is .The study of Matter and changes it undergoes

• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass

• Thus Matter is everything around us.

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 Chapter One / Introduction

Is a combination of two or
more substances in which
Is a form of matter that has the substances retain their
a definite (constant ) distinct identities. Example:
composition and distinct Air, soft drink, and pizza
properties. Example: Matter
water , sugar and gold

Pure Mixtu
substanc re
e

Element Compound
Homogeneo Heterogeneou
us s
Is a substance Is a substance Is a mixture in
composed of atoms of Is a mixture in which
that cannot be which the the composition is
two or more elements
separated into composition is the not the same
chemically united in
simpler fixed proportions.
same throughout. uniform. Example:
substances by Example: water, Example: sugar in fruit salad
chemical means water 3
ammonia
Chapter One / Introduction

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 Chapter One / Introduction

Element compound

magnet mixture
Heterogeneous

Homogeneous mixture
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 Chapter One / Introduction

States of
matter

Gas Liquid Solid

•Molecules are separated •Molecules are close
• Molecules are held
by distance together but not held so
close together in orderly
•Have no definite shape rigidly in position and can
fashion with little
move past on another
•Have no definite volume freedom of motion.
•Have no definite shape
• Have a definite shape
•Have a definite volume
• Have a definite volume

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 Chapter One / Introduction

States of
matter

Gas Liquid Solid

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 Measurement in
chemistry

• In every measurement there is a number followed by a unit.

• Units are essential to stating measurements correctly.
• The international system of units (SI) is used world wide to reports
result.
• There are seven SI base units as following:

Base Quantity Name of unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electrical current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

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 Derived Units

❖ Derived units are unit made up of combination of SI base

units such as:

(1) area (A) = Length x width

Then The unit of area is
unite of Length x unite of width:
i.e unite of area = m x m = m2

(2) velocity (v) = Distance/ time or d/t

then the unit of velocity or speed
= unite of distance / unite of time
i.e unite of velocity = m / s or ms-1
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 The units of Acceleration and Force

(1) Acceleration (a) = velocity / time or a =Δv / t

then the unite of Acceleration=
unite of velocity / unite of time or m/s.s
i.e the unite of Acceleration (a) = m/s2 or ms-2

(2) Force (F) = mass x acceleration or F = m . a

then the unit of Force = kg . ms-2
Kg . ms-2 = Neyton (N)

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 Working with larger and smaller units

The SI solves the problem of fractions and larger numbers by

creating larger and smaller units by modifying the basic units
with decimal factors and prefixes.

Symbol Prefix Factor Symbol Prefix Factor

d deci 10-1 E Exa 1018
c centi 10-2 P Peta 1015
m milli 10-3 T Tera 1012
u micro 10-6 G Giga 109
n nano 10-9 M Mega 106
p pico 10-12 K kilo 103
f femto 10-15 H Hecto 102
a Atto 10-18 da deka 101

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Symbol Examples Factor Prefix

km 1 kilometer = 1000 meter (103) 1000 (103) Kilo-

kg 1 kilogram = 1000 gram

dm 1 decimeter = 0.1 meter (10-1) 1/10 (10-1) deci-

cm 1 centimeter = 0.01 meter (10-2) 1/100 (10-2) centi-

mm 1 millimeter = 0.001 meter (10-3) 1/1000 (10-3) milli-

mg 1 milligram = 0.001 gram
ms 1 millisecond = 0.001 second

um 1 micrometer = 0.000,001 meter (10-6) 1/1,000,000 (10-6) micro

ug 1 microgram = 0.000,001 gram

nm 1 nanometer = 10-9 meter 1/1,000,000,000(10-9) nano-

ng 1 nanogram = 10-9 gram

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 1- prefix to Base unit
• To remove a prefix from a value, insert the numerical
value of the prefix in place of the symbol.
Example
Convert 8.53 pm to meters?
Replace p with x 10-12, therefore the answer is 8.53 x 10 -12 m

2- Base unit to prefix

• To insert a prefix into a value, insert both the prefix and
the inverse of its numerical number.
Example
Convert 0.000462 g to milligrams ?
0.000462 x 103 mg = 0.462 mg

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? How many second are in a microseconds
1 x 10-1 )a(
1 x 10-6 )b(
1 x 10-15 )c(
1 x 10 6 )d(

Which of the following is the smallest distance?

(a) 21 m
(b) 2.1 x 102 cm
(c) 21 mm Put all of them in the same unit
(d) 2.1 x 104 pm

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 Chapter One / Introduction

Example 1
A desk is found to be 1437 mm wide. What is this width expressed in
meter?
Answer: 1437 mm = 1437 x 10-3 m
= 1,437 m

Example 2
A certain person is 172 cm tall. Express this height in
decimeters.

Answer: 172 cm = ? dm
1cm = 10-2 m and 1dm = 10-1 m

172 x 10-2 = 1.72 m 15

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Example 3: calculate the number of cubic centimeters in
0.225 dm3
Answer: 0.225 dm3 = ? cm3
1 dm = 10-1 m
1 cm = 10-2 m
We can obtain cubic units by cubing each side of each equation
1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
1 cm3 = 10-6 m3
0.225 dm3 x (10-3 m3 / 1 dm3 ) x (1 cm3 /10-6 m3) = 255 cm3

Thus 0.225 dm3 = 255 cm3

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 Common Units
1- Volume:
1 liter = 1000 ml =1000 cm3 =1
dm3
1 liter = 1 dm3 and 1 ml = 1 cm3
2-Temperature

a. Celsius scale (°C, in science)

❑ Freezing point of water at 0 oC
❑ Boiling point of water at 100 oC

b. Kelvin (K, SI unit).

❑ Freezing point of water at 273 k
❑ Boiling point of water at 373 k
c. Fahrenheit (°F, common use in US)
❑ Freezing point of water at 32 o F
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❑ Boiling point of water at 212 o F
 Convert from degrees Celsius to Kelvin

T (k) = T (oC) + 273

Convert from degrees Celsius to Kelvin

T(°C) = T(K) - 273

Convert from units of degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit

t (°F) = t (°C) × 1.8 + 32

Convert from units of degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius

t (°C) = 5⁄9 x [t (°F) − 32]

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 Example

a. Convert 20 degrees Celsius to Kelvin

b. Convert 300 Kelvin to degrees Celsius

c. Convert 20 degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit
d. Convert 68 degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius

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 Properties of Matter

Physical properties Chemical properties

Physical Properties of Matter

Definition
- a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or
measured without changing the composition of the substance
ex. Density, viscosity, conductivity, malleability, melting point, boiling
point
- remain the same for all pure substances
ex. water always boils at 100 and freezes at 0 oC

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 a. Density and specific gravity

• Density = mass / volume

d = m/V (g /ml) Mass (g)
• Example: Density Volume
A student determines that a piece of an unknown material(g/ml)
has a (ml)
mass of 5.854 g
and a volume of 7.57 cm3. What is the density of the material?
d = m/V
= 5.854 (g) / 7.57 (cm3) = 0.773 g/cm3 = 0.773 g/mL
• Example
A piece of silver (Ag) metal weighing 194.3 g is placed in a graduated cylinder
containing 242.0 mL of water. The volume of water now reads 260.5 mL. From
these data calculate the density of silver?
volume of silver = volume of water (after) – volume of water ( before )
= 260.5 – 242.0 = 18.5 ml
d = m/V = 194.3 / 18.5 = 10.5 g/ml

Specific gravity (sp.gr.) = d (substance) /( d water)

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 Chemical Properties of Matter

Definition
- any ability to produce a change in the composition of matter
- can only be observed when the substances in a sample of matter are
changing into a different substance

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