AMOUD UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
1 YEAR STUDENTS
ST

Course Title: DNS 6111

Course Code: Cytology
Lecturer: Harun Ismail
Warsame(BSc/MPH)
Activity 1: Group
Discussion
Disscuss all the
Organelles of the Cell
briefly.
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Cytology
Lesson 2
Learning Objectives
1. Define Organelle.
2. Differentiate the difference between RER and SER.
3. Describe the ribosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Explain the functions of peroxisomes and lysosomes .
5. Classify Endocytosis, Exocytosis, phygocytosis and
pinocytosis.
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Cytology
Lesson 2
Learning Objectives
1. Define Organelle.
2. Differentiate the difference between RER and SER.
3. Describe the ribosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Explain the functions of peroxisomes and lysosomes .
5. Classify Endocytosis, Exocytosis, phygocytosis and
pinocytosis.
 CELL ORGANELLES

An organelle is a distinct part of a

cell which has a particular
structure and function.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 The outer surface of some endoplasmic reticulum

carries numerous ribosome which gives granular
appearance and forming rough endoplasmic
reticulum (R.E.R), other endoplasmic reticulum
does not contain ribosomes and form smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R).
FUNCTIONS OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

1. R.E.R concerned with the production and storage of

protein molecules before they are used inside the cell or
are secreted to the exterior.
2. They transport materials within the cell from one part to
another.
3. S.E.R involved in lipids and steroid synthesis and storing.
4. The E.R provides surface or location for chemical reaction.
5. Producing and storing carbohydrates (S.E.R).
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No ribosomes, so not protein factories.
• More like transport system.
• Makes steroids, lipids.
• Liver cells have lots of smooth ER
• Detoxify chemicals
RIBOSOMES
 Ribosomes are very small organelles made up of protein
and ribonucleic acid (ribosomal R.N.A) from nucleoli.
 Ribosomes occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 The ribosmes of prokaryotic cells are distinctly smaller (70’s
ribosomes) than those of eukaryotic cells (80’s ribosomes).
 Each ribosome consists of two units, small sub-unit and
large sub-unit.
 When several ribsomes occur along a common strand of
mRNA, the whole structure is known
as Polyribosomes or Polysomes.
Structure of Ribosome
 PEROXISOMES OR MICROBODIES

 Peroxisomes or microbodies are spherical organelles bounded by a

single membrane commonly found in eukaryotic cells. They are
slightly smaller than mitochondria. They are believed to derived from
endoplasmic reticulum.
 The peroxosimes are like the lysosomes containing the powerful
enzymes but the enzymes in peroxisome are oxidative rather than
digestive enzymes. Eg: catalase which catalyses the decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
 Hydrogen peroxide as a by product of certain cell oxidation reaction,
is very toxic and therefore must be eliminated immediately.
 In the liver cells contain large number of peroxisomes which are
involved in oxidative metabolic activities. In plants peroxisomes are
site of the glycolate cycle (photorespiration).
Structure of Peroxisome
 LYSOSOMES
A simple spherical sac bounded by a single membrane and
contains a mixture of digestive enzymes such as protease,
nuclease and lipase which break down proteins, nucleic acids
and lipids respectively.
The enzymes contained within lysosomes are synthesized

on rough E.R and transported to the golgi apparatus. Golgi

vesicles containing the processed enzymes later bud off to
form the lysosomes.
In plant cells the large central vacuoles may act as

lysosome although bodies similar to the lysosome of animal

cells sometimes seen in the cytoplasm of plant cell.
Structure of Lysosome
FUNCTIONS OF LYSOSOME
 Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes which are used
in digestion of reductant structure or damaged
macromolecule from, within or outside the cell by
autolysis.
 Lysosome destroys foreign particles such as bacteria by
phagocytosis.
 It secretes the digestive enzymes.
 Lysosomes play part in autophagy, autolysis,
endocytosis and exocytosis.
Contin…
 Autolysis is the self digestion of a cell by releasing the contents of
lysosome within the cell. For this reason, lysosomes sometimes
called ‘suicide bags’ or ‘self breaking down’.
 Autophagy is the process by which unwanted structures within the
cell are engulfed and digested within lysosome.
 Endocytosis occurs by an infolding or extension of the cell surface
membrane to form vesicles or vacuoles. It is of two types, these are:
i. Phagocytosis – ‘cell eating’. Material taken up is in solid form.
ii. Pinocytosis – ‘cell drinking’. Material taken up is in liquid form.
 Exocytosis is the process in which waste materials may be
removed from cells. It is the reverse of endocytosis.
MITOCHONDRIA

 Are rod shaped or cylindrical organelles

surrounded by an envelope of two membranes.
 The outer membrane is a smooth membrane and

the inner membrane folded to form cristae.

 The cristae provide large surface area for
biochemical activities. It enclose a matrix (mixture
of protein, lipid and nucleic acid) with few
ribosomes, a circular DNA molecule and phosphate
granules.
Structure of Mitochodria
Contin…...
• Site of cellular respiration
• Conversion of food into energy (ATP)
• ATP is what cells use to make things happen
(drive chemical reactions)
• Double membrane
• Big bag stuffed in smaller bag
• Folds of inner bag called cristae
• Space inside inner bag called matrix
Centrioles

Play an important role in cell

reproduction.
Cytoplasm
 Jelly like substance

 Contain cell organells

 Cell Membrane
 Outer membrane of cell that
controls movement in and out
of the cell
 Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleus
• Envelope Nucleus - Structures
• Double membrane
• Pores to get messages in and out
• Chromatin
• DNA threads
• Protein balls called histones - wrapping
• Nucleolus - site of ribosome production
Nucleolus
 Most cells have 2 or more
 Directs synthesis of RNA
 Forms ribosomes
 Nucleolus – where rRNA or Ribosomes
are made.
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
 Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
 Packaging & shipping station of cell
Class Activity2: Test for cell
organelles
Choose the correct answer
1. Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
a. SER
b. Chromatin
c. Ribosomes
d. Mitochondria
2. The structure formed by the mitochondrial inner membrane is called
e. Thylakoid
f. Cristae
g. Grana
h. Stroma
3. State the meaning of protoplasm.