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Lecture 2 SP

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14 views8 pages

Lecture 2 SP

Uploaded by

ravindramhaske38
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture-2 Topics

1. Introduction to Software
2. System Hierarchy
3. Definition of System Program
4. Foundation of System Program
5. General H/W organization of Computer
System
6. Some important definitions
1. Introduction to Software
• Software is the set of instructions that tell the hardware what to
do.

• Software is created through the process of programming.


Without software, the hardware would not be functional.

• Software can be broadly divided into two categories: operating


systems and application software.

• Operating systems manage the hardware and create the interface


between the hardware and the user.

• Application software is the category of programs that do


something useful for the user.
2. System Hierarchy
A User is a person or thing that uses something such as a place, facility, product, or
machine.

Application is the category of programs that


do something useful for the user.
E.g. MsWord, iTunes, Crome, GoogleMeet ,Calculator.

The operating system provides several essential


functions, including:
managing the hardware resources of the computer;
providing the user-interface components;
providing a platform for software developers to write
applications.

Hardware is best described as any physical component of a computer system containing a


circuit board, ICs, or other electronics.
E.g. monitor, tablet, or smartphone, mouse, printer, Projector, Gamepad, Scanner, Speaker
3. Definition of System Program
System programming involves designing and writing computer
programs that allow the computer hardware to communicate with the
programmer and the user, leading to the effective execution of
application software on the computer system.
Some examples are
• Compilers
• Loaders
• Operating System
• Macro Processors
4. Foundation of System Program
Compiler:- It translates a program written in High Level Language
(HLL) to its equivalent Low Level language.
Low Level
Program in HLL Compiler language
(ALL)

Assembler:- It translates a program written in Assembly Level


Language into Machine level language.
Machine
Program in ALL Assembler level
Language

Macroprocessor:- It is the single line abbrivation for the set of


repeated instructions.

Loaders:- It loads the program into main memory and prepares it


for execution.
5. General H/W organization of Computer System
Memory is a device where information is stored.

Processors are the devices that operates on this information. information is stored in the
form of 1’s and 0’s. each 1 or 0 is seperate binary digit called as bits. Bits are typically
grouped in units called as bytes, character or word. Memory locations are specified as
Addresses.

The I/O processors are concerned with the transfer of data between memory and peripheral
devices such as disks, drums, printer and typewriter.
I/O processor execute I/O instructions that are stored in memory.They are activated by the
command from CPU.

The CPU are concerned with manipulation of data stored in memory.

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