Evolution of wireless

communication systems
From 1G to
5G

1
 What is
Communication?
Communication
The process of creating and
exchanging information from one
place to another.
Verbal communication
Communication in the form of spoken or
written words.
Nonverbal communication
Communication in the form of gestures,
eye contact, or tone of voice.
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 Non Verbal:
Sound
Drums were one way to send
signals to neighboring tribes
and groups.
Different drumming patterns

would tell them of concerns

and events they needed to
know.

3
 Non Verbal:
Smoke
Signals
Smoke signals were another way to send
messages to people who were not close
enough to use words.

4
 Verbal Storytelling

Before the written

word, storytelling
was a way for
families and
communities to pass
on information.

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 Carrier
pigeons
• The homing pigeon is a variety of domestic pigeon
(Columba livia domestica) derived from the rock pigeon,
selectively bred to find its way home over extremely long
distances, using magneto reception.
• Magneto reception is a sense which allows an organism
to detect a magnetic field to perceive direction, altitude
or location.
• Their skills made them used to carry messages as
carrier pigeons or messenger pigeons

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Speech

Speech is the expression of, or

the ability to express thoughts
and feelings by articulate
sounds.
Human communication
was revolutionized by
speech.

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 Symbols

• Symbol - Something
that represents or stands
for something else
• The imperfection of speech
resulted in the creation of new
forms of communication,
improving both the range at
which people could
communicate and the
longevity of the information.

8
 Writing

◆
a sequence of
letters, words, or
symbols marked on
paper or other
surface
◆
appeared
around 2700
BC

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 Alphabet

A set of letters or
symbols in a fixed
order
Used to represent the
basic sounds of a
language
In particular, the set
of letters from A to
Z
1700 BC 10
 Telegrap
h
• 1831 Joseph Henry invents the first electric
telegraph.
• 1832 Samuel Morse invents Morse Code.

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12
 Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invented
the telephone in Boston in 1876.
A telephone converts sound,
typically and most efficiently the
human voice, into electronic signals
suitable for transmission via cables
or other transmission media over
long distances, and replays such
signals simultaneously in audible
form to its user.
.

13
 Computer

• 1951, The first commercially

available, “mass produced”
electronic computer entered
the market
• The computer was
manufactured in the
United States.

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 What is
wireless?
• Wireless simply means anything without wire
• Wireless is a term used to describe
telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves
carry the signal over part or all of the
communication path.

• 1896 Marconi recognized that longer waves

propagate over larger distances and demonstrates
a communication set-up over 3km

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• 1896 - 1901 - Guglielmo Marconi
– first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (Morse code -
digital)
– long wave transmission over
longer distances
(transatlantic)
at an operating frequency of
1MHz

• 1906 - 1st World Admin. Radio

Conf. (WARC ->WRC)
– increasing popularity of radio systems and their 16
extended use
• 1907 - Commercial transatlantic connections
– huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)

• 1915-Wireless voice transmission N.Y. - San Francisco

• 1920- Discovery of short waves by Marconi

– reflection at the ionosphere
– smaller sender and receiver -> due to the invention of the
vacuum tube (1906 - Lee DeForest and Robert von
Lieben)
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• 1946 - Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in
US
– introduced in 1946, it allowed telephone calls
between fixed stations and mobile users
through the mobile operator
– one single powerful transmitter/receiver (base
station) provided coverage of up to 50km
– based on FM technology, each voice channel of
3kHz used 120KHz of spectrum, and only half
duplex service was available
– blocking probabilities were as high as 65% (only
12 simultaneous calls could be handled!)
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• 1958 - A-Netz in Germany at 160MHz
– analog cellular, connection setup only from the
mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage,
1971 only 11000 customers
• 1972 - B-Netz in Germany at 160MHz
– connection setup from the fixed network
(location of the mobile station had to be known)

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• 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 • 10 • 1,00
m 0 K 0 0 0 Km
m 0 0 m K Km
m m

• Mobil • F • M • • Sat
Blue • WL e M ellit
•
oot AN • Telep • R S e
h s hony a W • Link
s
d W
oi • o
R • oR
a

a
d
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Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data

over short distances
• It operates between 2.4 and 2.485 GHz
• Invented by Ericson in 1994
• The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard.
• It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data
cables (DB 9)
• Features: Low power, easy to use, and low cost
• Class 1- 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters
• Class 2 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters
• Class 3 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter

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 WLAN

• A wireless LAN is one in which a mobile user can connect to

a local area network (LAN) through a wireless (radio)
connection.
• The IEEE 802.11 group of standards specify the technologies
for wireless LANs.
• IEEE published 802.11 in 1997, after seven years of work
• 802.11 standards use the
ethernet protocol and CSMA/CA(carrier sense multiple
access
with collision avoidance)

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• Provides network connectivity over wireless media
• An Access Point (AP) is installed to act as Bridge between
Wireless and Wired Network
• The AP is connected to wired network and is equipped with
antennae to provide wireless connectivity
• A client is always associated with one AP and when the client
moves closer to another AP, it associates with the new AP
(Hand-Off)
• Three
flavors:
802.11b
802.11a 23
802.11g
IEEE 802.11a
Makes use of 5-GHz band
Provides rates of 6, 9 , 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps
Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
IEEE 802.11b
802.11b operates in 2.4 GHz band
Provides data rates of 5.5 and 11 Mbps
Complementary code keying (CCK) modulation scheme

IEEE 802.11g
Supports data rates as high as 54 Mbps on the 2.4 GHz
band
Provides backward compatibility with 802.11b equipment
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CSMA/CD – CSMA/Collision
– For wire communication
detection
– No control BEFORE transmission
– Generates collisions
– Collision Detection
CSMA/CA – CSMA/Collision Avoidance
– For wireless communication
– Collision avoidance BEFORE transmission
– Difference in energy/power for transmit & receive
– Difficult to distinguish between incoming weak signals,
noise, and effects of own transmission

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Generations of wireless
communication
systems

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 1G

• Nordic Mobile Phone in October 1981

• 150 MHz in Finland and 450 MHz
• Purely analog
• Cell size: 2 to 3 km
• Voice channel is transmitted with FM
modulation
• AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
in October 1983
• FDMA
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Block
diagram

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 AM

• Amplitude Modulation is the simplest

and earliest form of transmitters
• AM applications include:
– broadcasting in medium- and high-
frequency applications,
– CB radio, and
– aircraft communications

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 AM
• In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of
the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the waveform
being
transmitted.
• The information signal
varies the
instantaneous
amplitude of the
carrier

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 FM

• Frequency Modulation (FM) is the encoding

of information in a carrier wave by varying
the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
• This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in
which the amplitude of the carrier wave
varies, while the frequency remains constant.

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FM

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 FDMA, TDMA, and
CDMA
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) permits individual
allocation of single or multiple frequency bands, or channels to the users.
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) works by dividing a radio
frequency into time slots and then allocating slots to multiple calls. In
this way, a single frequency can support multiple, simultaneous data
channels
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) uses spread spectrum
technology with the use of different codes to separate between different
stations or users rather than different frequencies of time slots as in the
case of FDMA and TDMAtechnologies.

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34
2G

• GSM (Global System for Mobile

communication) in July 1991
• 900 MHz in 1992
• 1800 MHz in 1994
• Fully digital
• TDMA
• Voice is encrypted, MMS, and International
roaming
• D-AMPS in 1993
• Circuit switched

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Difference between Circuit and
packet switching

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37
 2.5
G
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
• From circuit switched domain to packet switched domain
• Enables data transfers through cellular networks
• It is used for mobile internet, MMS and other data
communications
• In theory the speed limit of GPRS is 115 kbps, but in
most networks it is around 35 kbps.
• GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)

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 2.75
G
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
• Enhanced GPRS
• EDGE was deployed on GSM in 2003
• Evolution of GSM, & GPRS which used
8PSK modulation
• Transmits data at up to 384 kilobits per second
(Kbps).
• Achieves data transfer rates up to 384 kbps

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40
• Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is a form
of continuous-phase FSK
• The phase change is changed between symbols to
provide a constant envelope. Consequently it is a
popular alternative to QPSK.
• The RF bandwidth is controlled by the Gaussian

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 Spread
spectrum
• Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal
generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread
in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a
wider bandwidth.
• Spread signals are intentionally made to be much wider
band than the information they are carrying to make them
more noise-like.

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 Spread spectrum
• Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that run many times
the information bandwidth or data rate.
•
These special "Spreading" codes are called "Pseudo
Random" or "Pseudo Noise" codes. They are called "Pseudo"
because they are not real Gaussian noise.
• Features: Anti-Jam (AJ) and Low Probability of Intercept
(LPI)
• It has two techniques:
•1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
•2. Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum
(FHSS)
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