Beams, Shear Force & Bending

Moment Diagrams

• Shall approach this through examining

BEAMs.
• There are a number of steps that you
MUST go through to get the solution.
• Make sure you follow this every time –
makes solution a lot easier!
Bending of Beams
Many objects in everyday life can be analysed as beams.
The design and analysis of any structural member requires knowledge of
the internal loadings acting within it, not only when it is in place and
subjected to service loads, but also when it is being hoisted.

In this lecture we will discuss how engineers determine these loadings.

If we ignore mass of the beam, the forces on the beam are as shown:

Load
Force

Support reaction forces.

We shall normally ignore the beam mass in these lectures.

Bending of Beams
In the figure, the force shown downwards is acting on the beam.

It is a point load, acting at a single point on the beam.

Load
Force

Support reaction forces.

Bending of Beams
However, in the figure below, the books are exerting a uniformly
distributed load (UDL) on the shelf.

w N/m
A UDL is
represented as
shown in
figure:
Total load is = w  length

w
length

length

In calculating Reactions the UDL is considered to act at

the mid-point of its length.
Beam loading:
Point loading

Uniformly Distributed Loading

(UDL) UDL e.g. UDL – 20N/m,
3kN/m

Combined
loading
Beams can have a range of different forms of section.
Example
Determine the reactions of a beam of length 4.5 m which is supported at its
ends and subject to a point load of 9 kN a distance of 1.5 m from the left-
hand end. Neglect the weight of the beam.
9

RA RB

The reactions at the supports can be found by taking moments about LHS:

MA = 0 = RB  4.5 – 9  1.5

 RB = (9  1.5)/4.5 = 3kN

Fy = 0 = RB + RA – 9

RA = 6kN
Example
A uniform cantilever of length 3.0m has a uniform weight per metre of
120kN. Determine the reactions at the built-in end.
120  3

Ma

Rx

FBD
Ry

First convert the UDL into a point load:

120  3 = 360kN acting at the mid point i.e. 1.5m from either end.
By inspection Rx = 0 as NO forces acting in the x-axis.

MA = 0 = 360  1.5 + Ma

Ma = - 360  1.5 = - 540 Therefore, direction of Ma is
kNm
Fy = 0 = Ry – 360
Ry = 360 kN
Shear Force & Bending Moments.

If I ‘cut’ the beam anywhere and

examine what is happening, I
shall see the following:

BM
SF
x
SHEAR FORCE

• The algebric sum of the vertical

forces on either side of the section of
a loaded beam is called Shearing
Force
Bending Moment

• The algebric sum of the moments of

the forces on either side of the
section of a loaded beam is called
Bending Moment.
Example.
A uniform cantilever of length 3.0m has a uniform weight per metre of
120kN. Determine the shear force and bending moment at distances of
(a)1.0m.
(b)2.0 m
from the built-in end if no other loads are carried by the beam.

Reactions have already been determined – slide 10

120
FBD for (a) 0.5
1
540
M
1 You will notice that in
tackling SF & BM problems
you set up Fy = 0 to
V determine the SF (i.e. V )
1
1 AND M = 0 to determine the
360 BM (i.e. M)
To determine the shear force at 1m from the LHS:

Fy = 0 = 360 – 120 – V1

 V1 = 240 kN

To determine the bending moment at 1m from the LHS:

Mat 1m = 0 = -540 + (360  1) - (120  0.5) – M1
M1 = - 540 + 360 - 60 = - 240 kNm
 FBD for (b)
120 1.0
2
540
M2

V2
2
360
To determine the shear force at 2m from the LHS:

Fy = 0 = 360 – 240 – V2

 V2 = 120 kN

To determine the bending moment at 2m from the LHS:

Mat 2m = 0 = -540 + (360  2) - (240  1) – M2
M2 = - 540 + 720 - 240 = - 60 kNm
• If we wanted to determine the SF and BM at
any point along the beam, would need to go
through this process each time.
• You will agree this tedious.
• We need an alternative method to enable us
to determine SF and BM at any point along
the beam.

Shear force and bending moment

diagrams.
• Shear force diagrams and bending moment
diagrams are graphs used to show the
variations of the shear forces and bending
moments along the length of a beam.
A steel beam 8m long is pin-jointed at the left-hand end and
simply supported 4m from the right-hand end. The beam is
loaded as shown. For the beam:
(a) Determine the reactions at A and C.

(b) Derive equations for the shear force and bending

moment as a function of distance ‘x’ (horizontal
displacement from the left-hand end).

(c) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams

for the beam, and determine the position of
counteraflexure (should one exist).

15kN 2kN/m

A B C D E
2 2 1 3
(a) Draw the FBD.
2  3 = 6kN
15kN

Rax
A B C D E
1
Ray Rc

By inspection Rax = 0
Have TWO unknowns: Ray and Rc. Therefore, require TWO equations:

Fy = 0 & M = 0

Fy = 0 = Ray – 15 + Rc – 6

 Ray = 21 - Rc (1)

MA = 0 = (15  2) – (Rc  4) + (6  6.5)

30 - 4Rc + 39 = 0
2
 Rc = 69/4 =
 Sub for Rc into equation (1)

 Ray = 21 - 17.25 = 3.75 kN

(b) To derive the equations, split the beam into a number of spans.
Start from the LHS and whenever you come across a force OR bending
moment, you get a span for which an equation has to be derived.

15kN X=4
X=0

A B C D E
X=2 X=5 X=8
3.75 17.25
Span AB: 0  x  2 Span CD: 4  x  5
Span BC: 2  x  4 Span DE: 5  x  8
Span AB: 0  x  2
Mab Fy = 0 = 3.75 - Vab
 Vab = 3.75 kN

MAB = 0 = 3.75x - Mab

Vab  Mab = 3.75x kNm

x

3.75

A check here is useful.

M = 3.75x

M/x = 3.75 = Vab 

Span BC: 2  x  4

1 x-2
2 5

Mbc

x
Vbc
3.75
CHECK:
Fy = 0 = 3.75 – 15 - Vcb
M = -11.25x + 30
 Vbc = -11.25 kN
M/x = -11.25 = Vbc
MBC = 0 = 3.75x – 15(x – 2) - Mbc
0 = 3.75x – 15x + 30 - Mbc
 Mbc = -11.25x + 30 kNm
Span CD: 4  x  5

1
2 5 x-2

Mcd

x
4 Vcd
x-4
3.75 17.25

Fy = 0 = 3.75 – 15 +17.25 - Vcd

 Vcd = 6 kN CHECK:

MCD = 0 = 3.75x – 15(x – 2) + 17.25(x – 4) - M = 6x - 39

Mcd
0= 3.75x – 15x + 30 + 17.25x – 69 - Mcd M/x = 6 = Vcd 
 Mcd = 6x - 39 kNm
Span DE: 5  x  8 (x – 5)/2
2(x –
1 5)
5 x-5
Mde

x
Vde
4 x-4
3.75 17.25

Fy = 0 = 3.75 – 15 +17.25 – (2x – 10) -

0Vde
= 3.75 – 15 + 17.25 – 2x + 10 - V de

 Vde = -2x + 16 kN

MDE = 0 = 3.75x – 15(x – 2) + 17.5(x – 4) – (2x – 10)(0.5x – 2.5) -

Mde
0 = 3.75x – 15x + 30 + 17.5x – 69 – x2 + 10x - 25 - Mde
 Mde = -x2 + 16 - 64 kNm
 CHECK:
M = -x2 + 16x -
64
M/x = -2x + 16 = 
Vde
(c) To plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams is now a straight
forward process of putting in the limits positions of ‘x’ in each of the
equations and plotting the values on a graph.
 15kN

A B C D E

6.0 6.0

3.75 3.75

0 0
Shear force diagram

- -
11.25 11.25
7.5

0 0

-9.0 Bending moment

diagram
-
15.0
Point of counterflexure is a point where the bending moment graph
crosses the axis.

There are situations where there is NO point of counterflexure, i.e. the

bending moment graph DOES NOT cross the axis.
At the point of counterflexure, the bending moment is EQUAL TO ZERO.

In this question we do have point of counterflexure.

This occurs over span BC, .i.e. when 2  x  4

 Mbc = -11.25x + 30 = 0

x = 30/11.25 = 2.67m

The point of counterflexure is when x = 2.67m