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Nested Queries in SQL

Nested Queries in SQL

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muhammadalibajwa013
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6 views

Nested Queries in SQL

Nested Queries in SQL

Uploaded by

muhammadalibajwa013
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems

Nested Query
 A Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query
within another SQL query and embedded within the
WHERE clause.
 A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the
main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be
retrieved.
 Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE statements along with the
operators like =, <, >, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN etc.
Cont.

There are a few rules that subqueries must follow:


– Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses.
– A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT
clause.
– An ORDER BY cannot be used in a subquery, although
the main query can use an ORDER BY.
– A subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set
function.
– The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a
subquery; however, the BETWEEN operator can be
used within the subquery.
Subqueries with the SELECT
Statement:
SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE column_name OPERATOR
(SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE])
Example
Cont.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS


WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM
CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;
Subqueries with the INSERT
Statement:
Subqueries also can be used with INSERT
statements. The INSERT statement uses the
data returned from the subquery to insert into
another table.
The basic syntax is as follows:
INSERT INTO table_name [ (column1 [,
column2 ]) ] SELECT [ *|column1 [,
column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [ WHERE
VALUE OPERATOR ]
Example:

Consider a table CUSTOMERS_BKP with


similar structure as CUSTOMERS table. Now
to copy complete CUSTOMERS table into
CUSTOMERS_BKP, following is the syntax:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS_BKP SELECT *


FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN
(SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS) ;
Subqueries with the UPDATE
Statement:
Following example updates SALARY by 0.25
times in CUSTOMERS table for all the
customers whose AGE is greater than or equal
to 27:
Example
 UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET SALARY = SALARY * 0.25
WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP
WHERE AGE >= 27 );
Subqueries with the DELETE
Statement:
Assuming, we have CUSTOMERS_BKP table
available which is backup of CUSTOMERS
table.
Following example deletes records from
CUSTOMERS table for all the customers
whose AGE is greater than or equal to 27:
Example

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IN


(SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP WHERE
AGE >= 27 );
GROUP BY

The SQL GROUP BY clause is used in


collaboration with the SELECT statement to
arrange identical data into groups.
The GROUP BY clause follows the WHERE
clause in a SELECT statement.
Syntax
The GROUP BY clause must follow the
conditions in the WHERE clause and can
precede the ORDER BY clause if one is used.

SELECT column1, column2


FROM table_name WHERE [ conditions ]
GROUP BY column1, column2
ORDER BY column1, column2
Example
SELECT NAME, SUM(SALARY)
FROM CUSTOMERS GROUP BY NAME;

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