-Introduction to ICT

-Introduction to
Computer
and
Mohd. Abdul Its
Hannan Chowdhury
Regional Director
componentsBCC, Regional Office, Chittagong

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Topic to be covered…
 What is information and IT?
 What is ICT?
 What is Computer?
 Types of Computer?
 Major Components of a Computer?
 Hardware?
 Software?
 Firmware?
 Booting Process?

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Information and Data
 Information is stimuli (or incentive) that has meaning in
some context for its receiver.
 When information is entered into and stored in a
computer, it is generally referred to as data.
 After processing (data) such as formatting and printing,
output data can again be perceived as information.
 When information is packaged or used for understanding
or doing something, it is known as knowledge.
 Examples:
 Name and image of a person
 Horn or siren of a vehicle.
 Traffic signal or different status of sky such as clear blue,
cloudy, stormy, etc.
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 Information Technology (IT)
 The study or use of systems (especially computers and
telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, transmitting and
manipulating information or data.
 Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and
communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia who
developed writing in about 3000 BC, but the term "information
technology" in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958.
 Scientists have defined 4 distinct phases based on the storage and
processing technology employed:
 pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD) [writing and development of
alphabet, counting numbers, invention of pen and paper, etc.]
 mechanical (1450–1840) [mechanical calculators, etc.; no logical functions]
 electromechanical (1840–1940) [Tabulating machine, Telephone, etc.] and
 electronic (1940 – onward).

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Computer Generation
 Development of electronic computers are divided into 5
distinct generations-
 First Generation (1940-1956)- Vacuum Tubes
 Second Generation (1956-1963)- Transistors
 Third Generation (1964-1971)- Integrated Circuits
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)- Microprocessors
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)- Artificial Intelligence

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What is ICT?
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT), is
often used as an extended synonym for Information
Technology (IT).
 ICT is the integration of telecommunications and
computers to enable users to access, store, transmit,
and manipulate information.
 The term ICT is now also used to refer to the
convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks
with computer networks through a single cabling or link
system.

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ICT Tools
 Hardware
 Radio
 Television
 Cell phone
 Computer
 Printer
 Flash Drive, CD Drive
 Software
 MS Word, Excel, Mozilla Firefox, etc.
 Technology
 Bluetooth, WiFi, GPRS, etc.
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 Concept of Computer:
 The word “computer” comes from the word
“compute” which means to calculate.
 A computer is normally considered to be a
calculating device that can perform arithmetic
operations at enormous speed.
 As the basic operation, computer-
 Takes input;
 Process it;
 Gives output in the human understandable form;

Input Takes Process Gives Output

Device Input it Output Device

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 Concept of Computer:
 In real world we
 receive information by light, sound, heat, touch, etc.
 deliver them by creating sound, movement, etc.
 But, the computer understand only digital signals 0 and 1
 They need translators to understand or make understand
the real world data. These translators are called
interfaces.
Interface

Interface
Output
Input Takes Gives
Input

Process Output
Device Input it Output Device

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Concept of Computer:
(Basic organization)
Processing Unit
ALU

CPU
Input Unit Data Control Unit Result Output Unit

Memory Unit Data

Control Signal

Auxiliary Storage
Devices

Basic Organization of a Computer System

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Principal Characteristics of a
Computer
 Computer is a programmable machine.
 Its principal characteristics are:
 Instruction (instruction set): It responds to a specific set
of instructions in a well-defined manner.
 Program: It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions
called a program.
 It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

 Computers can perform complex and repetitive

procedures quickly, precisely and reliably.

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Types of Computers?
(According to Size and Power)
 According to size and power theere are 4 types of computer.
 Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer (in terms of
performance and data processing) that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.
 Space Exploration, Earth quake study, Weather forecasting,
Nuclear weapons testing
 Summit:
 200Mill times faster and a standard laptop
 Physical size: 2 tennis courts, weight 340 tons
 Cables: 185 miles fiber cables
 Stores 250 PB of data = 74 years of HD videos
 9216 IBM Power9 (32 – 48 cores) CPUs
 10PB DDR4 Memory
 Power Consumption 13MW
 OS: RHEL 7.4
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Types of Computers?
(According to Size and Power)
 Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of
supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
 Banks educational institutions & insurance companies use
mainframe computers to store data about their customers,
students & insurance policy holders.
 Mini Computer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up
to hundreds of users simultaneously.
 Individual departments of a large company or organizations use
Mini-computers for specific purposes. For example, a production
department can use Mini-computers for monitoring certain
production process.
 Micro Computer- These are designed based on a
microprocessor. The Micro-computers are specially designed for
general usage like entertainment, education and individual work
purposes.

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Types of Personal Computer
 Personal computers can be generally classified by size,
chassis / case and purpose of use.
 Desktop
 Laptop/Notebook Smartphone
 Smartphone
 Handheld Computer
 Tablet

Desktop model Tower model Laptop 14

 Major Components of a

computer
Hardware:
 Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer.
 Monitor, keyboard, hard disk drive, mouse, printers, memory and
motherboard, etc all of which are physical objects that you can actually touch.
 Software:
 It is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, application, concepts and
symbols, but it has no substance.
 Firmware:
 Firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and
data stored in it.
 The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the
device.
 Embedded systems, computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and
digital cameras.

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Major Components of a
computer
(CPU)



Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of a computer.
It controls the operation of the computer.
 It fetches the binary-coded instructions from memory
 Decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions
 Carries out these actions in a sequence of steps.
 The collection of binary-coded instruction to perform a task
is called program (or, Software).
 It has three Major components-
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Control Unit
 Register
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Major Components of a
computer
(CPU)



Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)
ALU is an integrated circuit within a CPU or GPU that
performs arithmetic and logic operations.
 Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, and
shifting operations
 Logic instructions include Boolean comparisons, such as
AND, OR, XOR, and NOT operations
 To be more precise, all calculations are performed
and all comparisons (decisions) are made in the
ALU.

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Major Components of a
computer
(CPU)



Control Unit
By selecting, interpreting and seeing to the execution of
the program instructions, the Control Unit (CU) is able to
maintain order and direct the operation of the entire
system.
 Although, it does not perform any actual processing on
the data, the Control Unit manages and coordinates
the entire computer system.

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Major Components of a
computer
(CPU)



Register
This is a small but the fastest memory (inside the CPU)
of a computer. The register is the place where CPU
performs actual task.
 All data must be represented in a register before it can
be processed.
 The register can contain the address of a memory location
where data is stored rather than the actual data itself.
 The number of registers that a CPU has and the size of
each (number of bits) help determine the power and
speed of a CPU.

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Major Components of a
computer
(Memory)
Memory (fast, expensive, temporary)


The specific functions of the Memory units are to hold

(store):
 All the data to be processed and the instructions required for
processing (received from input / storage devices).
 Intermediate results of processing.
 Final results of processing before these results are released
to an output device.
 Generally, the memory comes within CPU package is
called Cache Memory and it is slower than the register.
 In addithin to this, the memory placed in the motherboard
(in DIMM slot) is called Main Memory or RAM. It holds all
the program currently running in the computer.

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Major Components of a
computer
(Mass

Storage)
Mass storage device (slower, cheaper, long-term
memory): Allows a computer to permanently retain large
amounts of data and programs between jobs. Common
mass storage devices include disk drives and tape
drives.

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Major Components of a
computer
(Input Devices)
It accepts (or reads) the list of instructions and


data from the outside world.

 It converts these instructions and data in
computer acceptable form.
 It supplies the converted instructions and data
to the computer system for further processing.
 Example: Key-Board, Mouse, Joy-stick, Disk,
Scanner, Card Reader, Digital Camera, Microphone.

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Major Components of a
computer
It accepts the results produced by the computer
(Output Devices)


which are in coded form and hence cannot be

easily understood by us.
 It converts these coded results to human
acceptable (readable) form.
 It supplies the converted results to the outside
world.
 Example: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Microfilm, Disk,
and Speaker.

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Major Components of a
computer
(Other

Components)
In addition to these components, many others make it
possible for the basic components to work together
efficiently.
 For example,
 every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one
part of the computer to another.
 ROM: Every digital device need to identify basic
components as well as hold basic information and
functionality of each circuit. The ROM holds those
information to carryout those functions.
 Timer: To maintain date and time for the programs to
identify right version, registration date/time etc.

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Hardware
 Computer Hardware can divide them in two physical
groups-
 System unit:
 The system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis," is the
main part of a desktop computer. It includes the motherboard,
CPU, RAM, and other essential components.
 Peripherals
 A computer peripheral is any external device that provides
input and output for the computer. For example, a keyboard
and mouse are input peripherals, while a monitor and printer
are output peripherals. Computer peripherals, or peripheral
devices, are sometimes called "I/O devices" because they
provide input and output for the computer. Some peripherals,
such as external hard drives, provide both input and output for
the computer.

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Components of a System
Unit
 A System Unit contains the following components-
 Processor  CD/DVD ROM Drive
 Motherboard  Ports/Slots
 Display Adapter (AGP/VGA)  Buses
 Audio Adapter (Sound card)  Chipsets / Controller
 NIC (Network Interface Card)  Connecting Cables
 RAM  Power Supply Unit
 Hard Disk Drive

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Processors
 CPU
 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Control Unit
 Register
 Memory (Cache)
 L1 Cache
 L2 Cache
 L3 Cache
 Clock Speed:
 Hz, KHz, MHz, GHz
 Bus: FSB, BSB
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 Memory / Primary Memory
(RAM)
(Main
Random Memory)
Access Memory (RAM).
Common RAM types:
-SDRAM
-DDR
-DDR2
-DDR3
-DDR4
-RDRAM, etc.

Processor can access Main

Memory directly.
The smallest unit bit.
A 8 bit group is called 1 Byte.
1024 Byte = 1 KB
Other units are MB, GB, TB, PB.
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 Secondary Storage (Hard

Disk)
Any non-volatile read-write storage medium that is not directly accessible to
the processor. Secondary Storage includes hard drives, magnetic tape, CD-
ROM, DVD drives, floppy disks, punch cards and paper tape.

IDE-SATA
IDE-PATA

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Inside of a Hard Disk Drive
and
Floppy Disk Drive

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DVD/CD ROM Drive
 Secondary storage with removable media
 Ex. CD ROM, DVD ROM, Blue Ray Disk, etc.
 It is a Read Only Memory that uses optical media.

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Motherboard
 The motherboard can compare with the nerves and blood
vessels inside the human body, which connect all the vital
organs. Instead of nerves and blood vessels, the motherboard
uses tiny electrical paths to connect each component of the
computer.
 The motherboard is what ties everything together inside the
computer.
 Motherboard contains
 CMOS Chip (contains BIOS),

 The connecting slots (PCI, PCI Express, AGP, ISA, Memory,

SATA slots, PATA Slots and ZIF Socket for Processor etc.),
 Ports (USB, NIC, COM1, COM2, PS2 Mouse, PS2 Keyboard,

AGP/VGA, and Printer etc.),

 Connectors (Power, Hard Disk Drive, CDROM Drive and Floppy

disk drive and Front panel audio, USB, LED & Buttons etc.),
 Data communicating BUS and several electronic components.

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Motherboard

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Buses
(Communicating/Data
Transmission
 Path)
a distinct set of conductors carrying data and control
signals within a computer system.

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Chipset
(bridges between CPU and I/O
devices)

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Chipsets
 A chipset is a set of
electronic components
in an integrated circuit
that manages the data
flow between the
processor, memory and
peripherals.

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Video/Graphic Interface or
Display Adapter
o Converts digital video data into analog video signal and send it
to the display device (generally monitors).
o VGA/AGP, S-Video, Composite Video, DVI Graphic are the
common output ports available with Display adapters.

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Audio Interface/Adapter and
Audio Ports
• It converts digital audio data into analog audio signal and
vice-versa.
• An audio Adapter contains the following ports –
• Mic in
• Line in
• Audio Out/Speaker

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 NIC (Network Interface Card)
and
oNIC Ports for communication between PCs through
It is responsible
the communication media. Two types of NIC are
available.
o Ethernet LAN Card and
o WLAN Card.

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Ports/Slots
computer ports
are specialized
outlets on a piece
of equipment to
which plugs or
cables connects.
It generally
connects
peripheral
devices to the
computer

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Connecting Cables (Internal)

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Power Supply Unit
 Steps down the voltages from 220 volts to 12v, 5v, 3.3v,
etc.
 Converts AC(Alternating Current) to DC(Direct Current)
 Distributes powers to different components.

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Peripheral Devices
 It means the external units of a computer casing. Some
common types of peripherals are discussed below.
 Monitor - It displays the activity of the computer. There are
several types of monitors-
 CRT Monitor was the most common type.
 Now a days most computers are equipped with LCD or LED monitors
 Keyboard and Mouse - These are input devices, send input
information to the computer. An extra arrow like pointer indicates
the presence of the mouse. Every computer must have at least a
keyboard.
 Printer - It is used to print text and still image on the paper.
 Speaker, Microphone - These devices are used as audio output
and input devices respectively.
 Web Cam - It is a low resolution video camera for streaming
video over internet. It is commonly used with video calling
software like Skype.
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Functional Components
 Operating Environment:
 Input devices
 Output Devices
 Data Movement Apparatus:
 Interfaces
 Ports
 Slots
 Control Mechanism:
 Control Unit
 Motherboard Chipset/Controller
 Data Processing Facility:
 Processors
 Data Storage Facilities:
 CD ROM / DVD ROM / Hard Disk Drive
 Pen/Flash Drive
 RAM, Cache Memory
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What is Software?
 Computer instructions or data, anything that can be stored
electronically is software.
 Software is a complete, self-contained set of computer
instructions that used to perform a specific task, such as word
processing, accounting, data management, controlling
hardware as well as software.
 Software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts,
and symbols, but it has no substance.

 Software is often divided into two categories:

 System Software
 Application Software

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Software types
 System Software
 Program that control the operations of a computer and its devices.
 Manage computer resources at a low level.
 Operating System
 Utility Programs
 Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run
other programs. E.g., Windows, Linux, Android, Mac.
 Application Software
 Programs that performs specific tasks for users.
 Database programs,
 Word processors
 Spreadsheets, etc.
 Applications software sits on top of systems software because it is
unable to run without the operating system and system utilities.

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Firmware
 Software that is embedded in a hardware device
 Installed in a non-volatile location(PROM/EEPROM)
 Initializes low level hardware
 Performs Power On Self Test(POST)
 Hands off control to the OS loader after POST
 Referred to as pre-boot firmware
 For example BIOS
 CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) Memory
Chip that contains BIOS Program to hold the date, time, and
system setup parameters is an example of Firmware.

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The Computer System we are
familiar with

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Boot Process
 Booting process includes the following steps:
 BIOS loaded to the RAM.
 Performs Power On Self-Test (POST) to check hardware that
connected to PC. The POST routine performs the following tests:
 It checks systems for hardware error including configuration error.
 It detects interrupt, I/O address or Base memory address conflicts. If
any major error found during the POST routine then either an error
code number or a series of beeps will tell the cause of error.
 OS loading
 Startup Programs

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THANK YOU !!

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