BSW 3107: Intro.

to Computer Application

Md. Sydur Rahman

Lecturer
Dept. of CSE
BSFMSTU, Jamalpur

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Computer Network
• A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent
computers in order to share information (data) and resources.
• A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that
are linked together.
• A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless
media.
• Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any
network.
• A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes.
• Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or
general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network.
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How Does a Computer Network
Work?
 Computer Networks simply work using nodes and links.
Node: Data communication equipment- Modems, Hubs, Switches, etc.
Link: a connection between two nodes- links like cable wires, optical
fibers, etc.
 Nodes have the work of sending and receiving data via the links.
 Computer Network provides some set of protocols

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What Do Computer Networks
Do?
Computer Networks help in operating virtually.
Computer Networks integrate on a large scale.
Computer Networks respond very quickly in case of conditions
change.
Computer Networks help in providing data security.

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Criteria of a Good Network
Performance: It can be measured including transmit time and response time.
Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one
device to another.
Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
The performance of the network depends on a number of factors, including the
number of users, the type of medium & Hardware
Reliability: In addition to accuracy is measured by frequency of failure, the time it
takes a link to recover from failure, and the network’s robustness in catastrophe.
Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized
access, protecting data from damage and development, and implementing
policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data loss.

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Goals of Computer Networking
Programs do not have to execute on a single system because of resource
and load sharing.
Reduced costs – Multiple machines can share printers, tape drives, and
other peripherals.
Reliability – If one machine fails, another can take its place.
Scalability (it’s simple to add more processors or computers)
Communication and mail (people living apart can work together)
Information Access (remote information access, access to the internet, e-
mail, video conferencing, and online shopping)
Entertainment that is interactive (online games, videos, etc.)
Social Networking
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Types of Computer Networks
• Division Based on the Communication Medium
 Wired Network: Use a wired medium like Copper wire, twisted pair,
or fiber optic cables
 Wireless Network: uses radio frequency waves rather than wire
• Division Based on Area Covered
 LAN- Local Area Network like office, school, college, certain area
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network covers a entire city- cable tv
WAN- Wide Area Network – country to country of a subcontinent-
www (Point to point and switched WAN are available)
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Types of Computer Networks
(Cont.)
• Based on Types of Communication
Point To Point networks: establishes a direct link between two
networking nodes. A direct link between two devices, such as a
computer and a printer.
Multipoint: shared links - shared connection. (Bus Topology)
Broadcast networks: numerous parties can hear a single sender.
Radio stations and Hub Mgt

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Types of Computer Networks
(Cont.)
• Based on the Type of Architecture
P2P Networks: peer-to-peer network are computer systems that are
connected to each other over the Internet. Without the use of a central
server, files can be shared directly between systems on the network.
Client-Server Networks: Each computer or process on the network is either
a client or a server in a client-server architecture (client/server). The client
asks for services from the server, which the server provides. Servers are
high-performance computers or processes that manage disc drives (file
servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers)
Hybrid Networks: The hybrid model uses a combination of client-server and
peer-to-peer architecture. Eg: Torrent.
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Network Topology
The structure of the network and how each component is connected to
the others are defined by the network topology.
1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Tree Topology

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Bus Topology
Every computer and network device is connected to a single cable in a
bus topology network. Linear Bus topology is defined as having exactly
two terminals.

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Bus Topology (Cont.)
Advantages
• Installation is simple.
• Compared to mesh, star, and tree topologies, the bus utilizes less
cabling.

Disadvantages
• Difficulty in reconfiguring and isolating faults.
• A bus cable malfunction or break interrupts all communication.

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Ring Topology
The topology is named ring topology because one computer is
connected to another, with the final one being connected to the first.

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Ring Topology (Cont.)
Advantages
• Data transmission is relatively straightforward because packets only move in one
direction.
• There is no requirement for a central controller to manage communication
between nodes.
• Easy installation & Reconfiguration
• Simplified Faulty connections

Disadvantages
• In a Unidirectional Ring, a data packet must traverse through all nodes.
• All computers must be turned on in order for them to connect with one another.
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Star Topology
Each device in a star topology has a dedicated point-to-point link to a
central controller, which is commonly referred to as the HUB.

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Star Topology(Cont.)
Advantages
• When attaching or disconnecting devices, there are no network interruptions.
• It’s simple to set up and configure.
• Identifying and isolating faults is simple.
• Less Expensive than mesh
• Easy to install & configure
Disadvantages
• Nodes attached to the hub, switch, or concentrator is failed if they fail.
• Because of the expense of the hubs, it is more expensive than linear bus
topologies.
• More cable is required compared to a bus or ring
• Too much dependency on Hub 16
Mesh Topology
Every device in a mesh topology has dedicated point-to-point
connectivity to every other device.
A fully connected mesh network contains n *(n-1)/2 physical channels.

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Mesh Topology (Cont.)
Advantages
• Data can be sent from multiple devices at the same time. This topology
can handle a lot of traffic.
• Even if one of the connections fails, a backup is always available. As a
result, data transit is unaffected.
• Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to
messages
• Point to Point links make fault transmission & fault isolation easy
Disadvantages
• The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports that are necessary.
• The sheer bulk of wiring can be greater than the available space can
accommodate.
• It is difficult to install and reconfigure.
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Tree Topology
Nodes in a tree, like those in a star, are connected to a central hub that
manages network traffic. It has a root node, which is connected to all
other nodes, producing a hierarchy. Hierarchical topology is another
name for it. The number of Star networks is connected via Bus in Tree
Topology.

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Tree Topology (Cont.)
Advantages
• Network expansion is both possible and simple.
• We partition the entire network into pieces (star networks)
that are easier to manage and maintain.
• Other segments are unaffected if one segment is damaged.
Disadvantages
• Tree topology relies largely on the main bus cable because of
its basic structure, and if it fails, the entire network is
handicapped.
• Maintenance becomes more challenging when more nodes
and segments are added.
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