1

Summarization
Contents 2

 Frequency distribution (for qualitative data) and

 Frequency distribution (for quantitative data)
 Proportion
 Percentage
 Ratio

Lecture Prepared by F. M. Arifur Rahman

Frequency distribution 3
(for qualitative data)

 Distribution of total frequency into possible categories

 Example:
Below given occupations of 20 randomly selected men-

Student, Student, Public service, Businessman, Day labor, Public

service, Private service, Day labor, Student, Public service, Public
service, Private service, Businessman, Day labor, Businessman,
Private service, Businessman, Public service, Private service, Public
service.
Frequency distribution 4
(for qualitative data)

Student, Student, Public service, Businessman, Day labor, Public service,

Private service, Day labor, Student, Public service, Public service, Private
service, Businessman, Day labor, Businessman, Private service,
Businessman, Public service, Private service, Public service.
Frequency distribution:
Occupation Tally Frequency
Businessman
Day Labor
Private service
Public service
Student
Total
Frequency distribution 5
(for qualitative data)

Student, Student, Public service, Businessman, Day labor, Public service,

Private service, Day labor, Student, Public service, Public service, Private
service, Businessman, Day labor, Businessman, Private service,
Businessman, Public service, Private service, Public service.
Frequency distribution:
Occupation Tally Frequency
Businessman IIII 4
Day Labor III 3
Private service IIII 4
Public service I 6
Student III 3
Total n= 20
Frequency distribution 6
(for qualitative data)

Table 1: Frequency distribution table of occupation of the

respondent
Occupation Tally Frequency Relative
frequency
Businessman IIII 4 4/20= 0.20
Day Labor III 3 3/20= 0.15
Private service IIII 4 4/20= 0.20
Public service I 6 6/20= 0.30
Student III 3 3/20= 0.15
Total n= 20 1
Frequency distribution 7
(for qualitative data)

 Class task:
Let the blood types of 40 persons are as follows:
O O A B A O A A A O B O B O O A O O A A A A AB A B A A O O A
O O A A A O A O O AB.

Summarize this data in a frequency table.

Frequency distribution 8
(for quantitative data)

 Distribution of total frequency into possible numeric classes

 Example:
Below given the total monthly income (in thousand taka) of
30 randomly selected families-
30, 40, 6, 110, 11, 15, 55, 20, 120, 45, 30, 47, 52, 68, 105, 62, 52,
98, 76, 85, 83, 91, 49, 38, 57, 27, 23, 42, 9, 65
Frequency distribution 9
(for quantitative data)

Steps for finding frequency distributions:

Step1: Decide on the number of classes (K), such that,
Here, , so K=5
Frequency distribution 10
(for quantitative data)

Steps for finding frequency distributions:

Step1: Decide on the number of classes (K), such that,
Here, , so K=5

Step 2: Determine the class interval (i).

Here,
Frequency distribution 11
(for quantitative data)

Steps for finding frequency distributions:

Step 3: Set the class limits

Classes Tally marks Frequency
05-30
30-55
55-80
80-105
105-130
Total
Frequency distribution 12
(for quantitative data)

Steps for finding frequency distributions:

Step 4: Tally the values into classes and count the number of
observations in each class.
Classes Tally marks Frequency
05-30 II 7
30-55 10
55-80 I 6
80-105 IIII 4
105-130 III 3
Total n= 30
Frequency distribution 13
(for quantitative data)

Table 2: Frequency distribution table of monthly family

income
Classes Tally marks Frequency Relative Percentage
frequency
05-30 II 7 7/30= 0.23 (7/30)*100= 23
30-55 10 10/30= 0.34 (10/30)*100=
34
55-80 I 6 6/30 = 0.20 20
80-105 IIII 4 4/30 = 0.13 13
105-130 III 3 3/30= 0.10 10
Total n= 30 1 100
Frequency distribution 14
(for quantitative data)

 Class task:
Age (in years) of 52 people:
34, 67, 40, 72, 37, 33, 42, 62, 49, 32, 52, 40, 31, 19, 68, 55, 57, 54,
37, 32, 54, 38, 20, 50, 56, 48, 35, 52, 29, 56, 68, 65, 45, 44, 54, 39,
29, 56, 43, 42, 22, 30, 26, 20, 48, 29, 34, 27, 40, 28, 45, 21.
Summarize the data in a frequency table.
More… 15

Consider a frequency distribution table-

Categories Frequency
Cat A f1
Cat B f2
Cat C f3
Total N (= f1 + f2 +
f3)
 Proportion (Relative Frequency): , (i= 1, 2, 3)
 Percentage: , (i= 1, 2, 3)
More… 16

Consider a frequency distribution table-

Categories Frequency
Cat A f1
Cat B f2
Cat C f3
Total N (= f1 + f2 +
f3)
 Ratio: , ( and )
More… 17

Table : Frequency distribution table of occupation of the

respondent
Occupation Tally Frequency Percentages
Businessman IIII 4
Day Labor III 3 15
Private service IIII 4 20
Public service I 6 30
Student III 3 15
Total n= 20 100

Ratio of Day labor to Public service is . (can write, 1:2)

More on frequency table… 18

Frequency: The number of observations falling into each class

More on frequency table… 19

Frequency: The number of observations falling into each class

Class intervals: the frequencies of a particular class is bounded by

two values. The width of the class formed by this two values is Class
Interval.
Example, if a class is (5 to 25), then the interval is i=20 (=25-5)
More on frequency table… 20

Frequency: The number of observations falling into each class

Class intervals: the frequencies of a particular class is bounded by

two values. The width of the class formed by this two values is Class
Interval.
Example, if a class is (5 to 25), then the interval is i=20 (=25-5)

Class limits: The smallest value of a class is technically known as the

lower class limit of that particular class and largest value of that class
is known as the upper class limit.
Example, for a class (5 to 25), 5 is the lower class limit and 25 is the
upper class limit
More on frequency table… 21

Class mid-point: The mid-point or mid-value of a class is the value

that falls in the middle of the class interval.
More on frequency table… 22

Class mid-point: The mid-point or mid-value of a class is the value

that falls in the middle of the class interval.

Open interval: An open interval is an interval with one of its limits

(in either side).
Example, a class like (<30) or (>80) or (75+) are open-ended class
intervals