HYDROLOGY AND

WATER RESOURCES
REFERENCE BOOKS

 Awan N. M, Surface Water Hydrology (Vol-1), National Book

Foundation, Islamabad Pakistan.
 Chow Ven Te, David R. Maidment, Larry W. Mays, Applied Hydrology,
McGraw Hill Book International Edition.
 Linsley Ray K, Kohler Max A, Joseph L.H Paulhus, Hydrology for
Engineering (3rd Edition).
 Maidment David R, Hand Book of Hydrology.
 Wilson E.M. Engineering Hydrology.
CONTENTS

 Introduction to Hydrology
 Hydrological Cycle
 Engineering Hydrology and its Domain
 Scope and Significance
 Hydrologic Equation and its Applications
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

 Hydrology is the earth science. It encompasses the occurrence,

distribution, movement and properties of the waters of the earth and
their environmental relations. (Warren Weissman)

 Subject matter can be defined in two broad phases

 Hydrologic Data Collection
 Analysis and interpretation
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
 A continuous Process by which water is transported from the oceans
to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea
 The driving force for the global water transport system is provided by
sun
 Water quality also changes during the cycle
Precipitation
under proper
Evaporation conditions

Transport Distribution
through air of rain water
masses in several
ways
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY & ITS
DOMAIN
 It includes those segments of the fields which are pertinent to
planning, design and operation of engineering projects for the control
and use of water
 What flood flows can be expected over a spillway or highway culvert or in
urban storm drainage system ?
 What reservoir capacity is required for irrigation or municipal water supply
during droughts ?
 What effects will reservoirs, levees and other control works exert on flood
flow in stream ?
 What are reasonable boundaries for the floodplain ?
SCOPE & SIGNIFICANCE

 Water is the basic need for human life

 To cope with extreme hydrological conditions Floods and droughts
 Food habits of areas are governed by the hydrologic conditions
 Water resource management (Water available and water demand)
 Input data required for design of hydraulic structures
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES

 Precipitation
 Canopy interception
 Evaporation
 Transpiration
 Infiltration
 Depression storage
 Surface runoff
 Ground water flow
 Subsurface water flow
 River flow
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES
 Precipitation: A process in which the moisture reaches the surface of
earth from atmosphere. It is basic hydrological input. There are many
forms of precipitation e.g., rainfall, snow and many others to be
discussed in coming lectures
 Canopy interception: is the rainfall that is intercepted by the
canopy of a tree and successively evaporates from the leaves.
 Evaporation: transformation of water from the surface of earth to
the atmosphere. It is the reverse process of precipitation.
 Transpiration: Evaporation through plants. The water which is
transpired is below the surface of earth. Roots suck it and then
through plants sent into atmosphere.
 60% water of precipitation is lost into atmosphere by evapo-
transpiration
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES
 Infiltration: fraction of rain water penetrates into the ground is called
infiltrate and process is known as infiltration. Land cover should be
permeable.
 Depression Storage: water filled in depression is called depression
storage. It depends on unevenness of the surface.
 Surface runoff: Rest of water that moves on the ground surface is
called surface runoff. This depends on slope and amount of precipitation.
 Sub-surface Flow: Infiltrated water that moves in the unsaturated zone
of the soil is sub-surface flow. Also called as interflow. It moves towards
the rivers. It depends on the soil type and its stratification in the area.
 Ground water Flow: Flow of water in the saturated zone of soil, below
ground water table. Darcy’s equation is applicable.
 River Flow: Flow of water in the rivers
 About 71 percent of the
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET Earth's surface is water-
covered, and the oceans
hold about 96.5 percent of
 It is a balance between inflows, outflows and change in storage in a all Earth's water
given time
Total
 A water budget reflects the relationship between input and output water:1,386,000,000(km3)
of water through a region Fresh Water:10,633,450 km3
Total quantity of water available to earth is finite and indestructible Rivers & Lakes: 93,113 km
3

Atmospheric water:12,900
 Global hydrologic system may be considered as closed km3
 Open hydrologic sub-systems are abundant. For example, Rivers are Source: USGS Website
dynamic, open systems. They take water from the global hydrological
cycle, use it in their own local hydrological cycle and then return the
water to the global cycle.
 For any system water budget can be established
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
(Region selection)

 A region is selected and budget is developed for that region. These

regions may be
 Topographically defined (e.g, watersheds and river basins)
 Politically specified (e.g., country or city limits)
 Or chosen on some other grounds

 Water Shed : an area or ridge of land which contribute its water to

some river, basins or seas
 Watershed Boundary: line or boundary that separates the water
flowing to different rivers, basins or seas
WATER SHED
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET

Interceptio ET ET
n

Depression Channel
Interflow
storage Input

Precipitatio Aquifer Channel

n Recharge Input
Infiltration
Deep
groundwate
r

Overland Channel
Flow Input
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
(Inflows)

 Precipitation (P)
 Infiltration (I)
 From a water channel
entering in the area (R1)
 Ground water flowing into the
area from adjoining areas (G1)
 Ground water effluent to a
surface stream (Rg)
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
(Outflows)

 Surface Runoff
 Export through water channel (R2)
 Evaporation
 From ground (Eg)
 From Surface(Es)
 Transpiration
 From ground (Tg)
 From Surface(Ts)
 Infiltration (I)
 Groundwater flowing out of the region (G2)
HYDROLOGICAL BUDGET
(Change in storage)

 Ground water
 Soil Moisture
 Surface reservoir water and depression
 Detention storage
HYDROLOGIC EQUATION
 Hydrologic budget above the surface
P+R1-R2+Rg-Es-Ts-I=∆Ss
 Hydrologic budget below Ground Surface
I+G1-G2-Rg-Eg-Tg= ∆Sg
 Total Hydrologic budget for the area
P-(R2-R1)-(ES+Eg)-(Ts+Tg)-(G2-G1)= ∆(Sg+ Ss)
 If the subscripts are dropped fro, equation letters refer to total
precipitation and net values of Surface flow, Underground flow,
evaporation, transpiration and storage
P-R-G-E-T=∆S
And where terms G, E and T do not apply equation reduces
P-R= ∆S
APPLICATIONS OF THE HYDROLOGIC
EQUATION
 Difficulty in solving practical problems lies mainly in the inability to
measure or estimate properly the various hydrologic equation terms.
 For local studies reliable estimates are often made but on global scale
quantification is crude.
 Precipitation is measured by rain gauges or snow gauges throughout area
 Surface flows can be measured using various devices such as weirs,
flumes, velocity meters and depth gauges
 Under good conditions these measurements are frequently 95% or more
accurate
 Soil moisture can also be measured using neutron probes and gravimetric
methods infiltration can be determined infiltrometers but the estimates
are crude
APPLICATIONS OF THE HYDROLOGIC
EQUATION
 The extent and rate of movement of ground water is exceedingly
difficult to determine.
 Determination of quantities of evaporation and transpiration is also
extremely difficult.
 For the large drainage basins rate of evaporation, transpiration and
groundwater movement are often highly heterogeneous.
 In such cases hydrologic equation is a useful tool and can be
employed in various ways.
NUMERICAL PROBLEM

 In a given year, a 10,000-mi2 watershed received 20in of

precipitation. The average rate of flow measured in the river
draining the area was found to be 700 cfs( cubic feet per
second). Make a rough estimate of the combined amounts of
water evaporated and transpired from the region during the
year of record.
 Solution:
P-R-G-E-T= ∆S
ET=P-R-G-∆S
ET=?
 Assumptions :
 Groundwater flow can be considered zero
 No change in storage
 Equation becomes ET=P-R
 R=6000cfs
 R= 8.1in
 P=20in
 ET=20-8.1
 ET=11.9in/year
NUMERICAL PROBLEM

 A= 25900 km2
 P=510mm
 R=20 cumecs
 E+T=?
 E+T=485.6mm