Unit 4 : Computer

Organization & processor

Structure of Computer :-
1. CPU :
2. Control Unit

It is main unit of Computer system as it controls all the

operations and activities of computer.
It acts as supervisor and controls the input/ outputs.
It establish all the coordination between all the
computer parts and determines the sequence of process
execution for smooth functioning.
 3. ALU
It performs all the arithmetic operations (mathematical and logical
operations)
It handles basic to complex operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
It also processes actions such as data comparison and decision
making. It means that this unit helps in performing logical
operations like AND, OR, equal to, less than, and greater than, etc.
 4. Memory Unit
 The memory unit is an essential part of a computer system and it
is required by the CPU to store data and instructions.
 It is used before processing, after processing as well as during
the running of the process to store the current data.
 The memory unit is capable of accepting and transferring
data/information to other units of the computer system with the
help of the CPU when needed.
Interconnectio
n Structure :
Bus Interconnection:
 Register organization
Register organization is the arrangement of the registers in the
processor. The processor designers decide the organization of
the registers in a processor. Different processors may have
different register organization.
1.User Visible Registers
1. General Purpose Register
2. Data Register
3. Address Register
4. Condition Codes
2.Control and Status Registers
1. Program Counter
2. Instruction Register
3. Memory Address Register (MAR)
4. Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
1. User Visible Registers
2. Control and Status Registers
1. Program Counter (PC) :- A program counter is a register in a computer processor that
contains the address (location) of the instruction being executed at the current time.
2. Instruction Register (IR) :- The instruction register (IR) or current instruction
register (CIR) is the part of a CPU's control unit that holds the instruction currently being
executed or decoded.
3. Memory Address Register (MAR) :- In a computer, the memory address register is the
CPU register that either stores the memory address from which data will be fetched to the
CPU registers, or the address to which data will be sent and stored via system bus.
4. Memory Buffer Register (MBR) :- A memory buffer register (MBR) or memory data
register (MDR) is the register in a computer's CPU that stores the data being transferred
to and from the immediate access storage. It contains a copy of the value in the memory
location specified by the memory address register.
Instruction Cycle :-
Instruction Cycle State
Diagram :-
15
Generations of Computer
 The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine

to a smaller but much more powerful machine.

 The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the

generations of computer.

 Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological

development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are

more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors.

© Educational Technology Department, Group Head Office, The City School.
First Generation Computers

(1940-1956)
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory.
 They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
 First generation computers relied on machine language.
 They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions(defect or breakdown).
 The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices.
17
First Generation Computers

Advantages :
 It was only electronic device
 First device to hold memory

Disadvantages :
 Too bulky i.e large in size
 Vacuum tubes burn frequently
 They were producing heat
 Maintenance problems
18 Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
•Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic.
• High-level programming languages were also being developed at this
time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
•These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory.
19
Second Generation Computers

Advantages :
 Size reduced considerably
 The very fast
 Very much reliable

Disadvantages :
 They over heated quickly
 Maintenance problems
20 Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971)
 The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called
semiconductors.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third
generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
with an operating system.
 Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.
 Third generation computers
21

Advantages :
 ICs are very small in size
 Improved performance
 Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :
 ICs are sophisticated

© Educational Technology Department, Group Head Office, The City School.

22 Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-present)
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of
the computer.
 From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—
on a single chip.
 . Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and handheld devices.

© Educational Technology Department, Group Head Office, The City School.

 Fourth Generation Computers
23

© Educational Technology Department, Group Head Office, The City School.

24 Fifth Generation Computers
(present and beyond)
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.
 Are still in development, though there are some applications, such
as voice recognition.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

© Educational Technology Department, Group Head Office, The City School.

 Fifth Generation Computers
25
Types of Memory :-

Memory unit consist of two sections :

1. Internal memory section(Primary Memory)
2. External memory section(Secondary Memory)
Difference between Primary memory
and Secondary Memory :-
Von Neumann
Architecture
 Von Neumann Architecture is a
digital computer architecture whose
design is based on the concept of
stored program computers where
program data and instruction data are
stored in the same memory. This
architecture was designed by the
famous mathematician and
physicist John Von Neumann in
1945.
Harvard  Harvard Architecture is the computer

Architecture architecture that contains separate storage and

separate buses (signal path) for instruction and
data.
 In Harvard architecture, there are separate buses
for both instruction and data. Types of Buses:
• Data Bus: It carries data among the main
memory system, processor, and I/O devices.
• Data Address Bus: It carries the address of
data from the processor to the main memory
system.
• Instruction Bus: It carries instructions among
the main memory system, processor, and I/O
devices.
• Instruction Address Bus: It carries the address
of instructions from the processor to the main